12刀位星型伺服刀塔的设计含开题及6张CAD图
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12刀位星型伺服刀塔的设计含开题及6张CAD图,12,刀位星型,伺服,设计,开题,CAD
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Development of numerical control latheCNC machine tool is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, microelectronics and information technology as one of a number of mechatronic products. Mechanical manufacturing equipment with high precision, high efficiency, high automation and high flexible machine tools and other benefits. The level of CNC machine tool technology and metal cutting machine tools in production and the total percentage of ownership is a measure of a countrys overall economic development and industrial manufacturing is one important indicator. CNC lathe is one of the major species, it occupies a very important numerical control machine tool position for decades has been great attention around the world and has been developed rapidly. China CNC lathe from the early 20th century, 70 to enter the market, so far through the tireless efforts of the major machine tool manufacturers, through the adoption of well-known machine tool manufacturers with foreign cooperation, joint ventures, technology transfer, sample digestion and absorption of other measures, so Chinas machine tool manufacturing levels greatly improved, the production of metal cutting machine tools in a large proportion. Currently, the varieties of domestic CNC lathe, a more complete specifications, quality, stable and reliable, and comprehensive development has entered a practical stage. According to different market positioning and demand, CNC lathe CNC lathe can be divided into the economy, and full-featured CNC lathe.1. Bed and rail (1) bed Of machine is the basis for supporting the entire machine tool parts, machine tool main body is generally used to place the guide, spindle boxes and other important parts. The structure of the machine tool bed layout has a great influence. In accordance with the bed rail surface and the horizontal relative position of bed with five kinds of layout forms: after oblique bed - ramp skateboard; vertical bed - vertical slide; flat bed - smooth plate; before the oblique bed - smooth plate; flat bed Body - skateboard ramp. In general, medium and small size of the CNC lathe bed with oblique bed peaceful majority skateboard ramp, only large or small precision CNC lathes with flat bed CNC lathe only body established by the small bed. Flat bed technology is good, easy processing. As the knife horizontally, the movement to improve the accuracy of knife is good, but the lower part of bed space for small, chip removal difficult; knife horizontal slide longer, increasing the width of the machine size, affect the appearance. Skateboard ramp bed flat structure, and then configure the tilt rail protective cover, so to maintain the peace and good bed benefits of technology, bed width will not be too much. Oblique bed peaceful bed skateboard ramp structure in modern CNC lathes are widely used, because this form of layout with the following characteristics: a. Easy mechatronics; b. Machine appearance tidy, beautiful, small size; c. Easy to set up a closed protective device; d. Chip and easy to install an automatic chip conveyor; e. Cut from the work under the hot chip Buzhi Yu piled precision guide rail impact; f. Pleasant, good, easy to operate; g. Easy to install mechanical hand, to achieve stand-alone automation. (2) guide Lathe slide rails can be divided into two guide rails and rolling. Sliding guide has a simple structure, convenient manufacture, contact stiffness and so on. However, the traditional large sliding rail friction, wear fast, dynamic and static friction coefficient of different large, easy to produce low speed crawling phenomenon. Currently, CNC lathe has no traditional sliding rail, instead of using the paste with a wear-resistant coating with the sliding rail, and a new plastic slide rails. They have good friction performance and long service life. Stiffness of the size of the rail, manufacturing is simple and can adjust the friction loss is minimal and can maintain track of the initial accuracy depends largely on the rail cross-sectional shape. Lathe slide rail is often used cross-sectional shape and rectangular cross-section Yamagata. Yamagata section of this guide rail section of high precision, rail wear self-respect after the sinking by automatic compensation. Benefit under the guide of sewage with convex objects, but not easy to save oil. Rectangular cross-section rails that create easy maintenance, large carrying capacity, the new rail-oriented high accuracy, but the wear and tear can not automatically compensate, needed Xiang shall regulate, influence guiding precision. Advantages of rail rolling friction coefficient is small, dynamic and static friction coefficient is very close to crawling phenomenon does not produce, you can use grease lubrication. CNC lathe general long rail journey, it must be rolling cycle. According to the different rolling, rolling ball can be divided into linear guide rail and roller linear guide, shown in Figure 3. The latter than the former carrying capacity and stiffness are high, but slightly larger than the friction coefficient. Baoji Machine Tool Works production CK75C series full-function CNC lathe is used in ball linear guide, CK535D inverted vertical lathe CNC fully functional X is used to guide roller linear guides. 2. Spindle speed system Most Economical CNC lathe is not automatic transmission, the need for speed, only the machine stops, and then manual transmission. The full-function CNC lathe with stepless speed most of the main transmission system. At present, the continuously variable transmission system is mainly a frequency spindle and servo systems of two systems, generally use DC or AC spindle motor, belt driven spindle by rotation, or through the belt drive and spindle of the reduction gear box (for more torque) drive spindle. As a wide range of spindle motor speed, but also variable speed, making the structure simplified spindle box. Spindle motor at rated speed when all the power and the maximum torque output. 3. Tool system CNC lathe turret is an important part of the machine. Knife used for cutting tool clamping, so the direct impact on the structure of cutting machine tools and cutting efficiency. To some extent, knife reflects the structure and properties of the design and manufacture of machine tool technology. With the continuous development of CNC lathes, tool structure has also been refurbished. Complete the cutting knife is a direct implementation of parts, so a knife to the structure must have good strength and stiffness to withstand rough time cutting resistance. As the machining accuracy depends largely on the tip position, it required a reliable positioning CNC lathe program of choice and reasonable positioning structure to ensure a high repeat positioning accuracy. In addition, the tool holder design should also meet the changing time is short, compact and safe requirements. Different ways by ATC, CNC lathe turret system mainly rotary tool holder, row-style knife and the knife libraries and other forms of automatic tool changer. (1) Tool in row Pai Tool in general for small size CNC lathes, bar or plate of processing the main parts. Its structural form, gripping the knife tool uses a variety of different folders along X-axis machine tools arranged in the horizontal direction on a skateboard. This arrangement of a knife cutting tools and machine tools are relatively easy to adjust and so on, turning parts according to specific process requirements, any combination of the different uses of the tool, a turning tool to complete the task, the horizontal slide along the X axis according to the procedure as long as Mobile pre-set distance, the second knife to reach the processing position, so that the machine tool change is complete action. This means rapid tool change time-saving help to improve the productivity of machine tools. (2) rotary tool holder CNC lathe rotary tool holder is the most commonly used as a typical tool change turret, turret rotation by indexing positioning to achieve the machines automatic tool changer action, according to processing requirements can be designed as four-, six-disc knife or knives frame, and accordingly install four, six or more of the turret. Rotary tool carrier turret tool change action can be divided up, turret indexing and tool carrier locking several steps. Its action is an order by the numerical control system completed. Rotary knife rotary knife and installation according to the relative position of the bottom, is divided into vertical and horizontal turret turret two. (3) guilty of the automatic tool changer library The row of rotary knife cutter-type knife and cutting tools are not installed too much, even two turret equipment, the number of tool has some limitations. When the need for some reason a large number of tools that should be guilty of an automatic tool changer library. Automatic Tool Changer knives library and tool from the Tool exchange agencies. 4. Feed drive system CNC lathe feed drive system are commonly used feed servo system. This is different from the ordinary lathe CNC lathe a special part. CNC lathe servo systems are generally driven control unit, drive components, mechanical drive components, implementation and testing pieces of feedback links and other components. Drive control unit and servo drive system composed of drive components. Mechanical transmission parts and components composed of the implementation of mechanical transmission system. Detection devices and feedback circuit detection system. Into the control mode according to the servo system can be divided into open-loop systems and closed-loop system. Closed-loop control method usually has a position feedback servo system. Position detection device according to the different location, closed-loop system is divided into semi-closed loop system and closed loop system. Semi-closed loop system has a position detection device will be installed in the screw terminal and installed in the motor shaft types. The former location of the screw included in the ring, which is entirely owned mechanical transmission components in place outside the ring. Closed loop system, position detection device installed in the table, the entire mechanical drive components to be included within the position loop. The positioning accuracy of open-loop system less than the closed-loop system, but it is simple, reliable and low cost. As the impact of positioning accuracy of the mechanical gear wear, the presence of inertia and the gap, so the open-loop systems with poor accuracy and speed. Closed loop system control and high precision, fast performance is good, Dan as mechanical drive components within the control loop, so the systems dynamic performance depends not only on drives of Jiegou and Shen Shu, but also with the mechanical drive components of the stiffness, damping Texing, inertia, factors such as clearance and wear a great relationship, so mechanical and electrical components must be taken into account the structural parameters to meet system requirements. Closed loop system, therefore the requirements of machine tools is relatively high, and the cost is also more expensive. Closed-loop system with position detection device are: pulse encoder, resolver, inductosyn, magnetic feet, grating and laser interferometer. CNC lathe feed servo system is commonly used in servo motor drives. Servo motors are DC servo motor and servo motor of the sub. AC servo motor with high reliability because, basically does not require low maintenance and cost characteristics that are widely used.数控车床的发展现状数控机床是集机械、电气、液压、气动、微电子和信息等多项技术为一体的机电一体化产品。是机械制造设备中具有高精度、高效率、高自动化和高柔性化等优点的工作母机。数控机床的技术水平高低及其在金属切削加工机床产量和总拥有量的百分比是衡量一个国家国民经济发展和工业制造整体水平的重要标志之一。数控车床是数控机床的主要品种之一，它在数控机床中占有非常重要的位置，几十年来一直受到世界各国的普遍重视并得到了迅速的发展。 我国数控车床从20世纪70年代初进入市场，至今通过各大机床厂家的不懈努力，通过采取与国外著名机床厂家的合作、合资、技术引进、样机消化吸收等措施，使得我国的机床制造水平有了很大的提高，其产量在金属切削机床中占有较大的比例。目前，国产数控车床的品种、规格较为齐全，质量基本稳定可靠，已进入实用和全面发展阶段。根据不同的市场定位和需求，数控车床可分为经济型数控车床和全功能型数控车床。 1床身和导轨 （1）床身 机床的床身是整个机床的基础支承件，是机床的主体，一般用来放置导轨、主轴箱等重要部件。床身的结构对机床的布局有很大的影响。按照床身导轨面与水平面的相对位置，床身有5种布局形式：后斜床身斜滑板；直立床身直立滑板；平床身平滑板；前斜床身平滑板；平床身斜滑板。 一般来说，中、小规格的数控车床采用斜床身和平床身斜滑板的居多，只有大型数控车床或小型精密数控车床才采用平床身，立床身采用的较少。平床身工艺性好，易于加工制造。由于刀架水平放置，对提高刀架的运动精度有好处，但床身下部空间小，排屑困难；刀架横滑板较长，加大了机床的宽度尺寸，影响外观。平床身斜滑板结构，再配置上倾斜的导轨防护罩，这样既保持了平床身工艺性好的优点，床身宽度也不会太大。斜床身和平床身斜滑板结构在现代数控车床中被广泛应用，是因为这种布局形式具有以下特点： a容易实现机电一体化； b机床外形整齐、美观，占地面积小； c容易设置封闭式防护装置； d容易排屑和安装自动排屑器； e从工件上切下的炽热切屑不至于堆积在导轨上影响导轨精度； f宜人性好，便于操作； g便于安装机械手，实现单机自动化。 （2）导轨 车床的导轨可分为滑动导轨和滚动导轨两种。 滑动导轨具有结构简单、制造方便、接触刚度大等优点。但传统滑动导轨摩擦阻力大，磨损快，动、静摩擦系数差别大，低速时易产生爬行现象。目前，数控车床已不采用传统滑动导轨，而是采用带有耐磨粘贴带覆盖层的滑动导轨和新型塑料滑动导轨。它们具有摩擦性能良好和使用寿命长等特点。 导轨刚度的大小、制造是否简单、能否调整、摩擦损耗是否最小以及能否保持导轨的初始精度，在很大程度上取决于导轨的横截面形状。车床滑动导轨的横截面形状常采用山形截面和矩形截面。山形截面这种截面导轨导向精度高，导轨磨损后靠自重下沉自动补偿。下导轨用凸形有利于排污物，但不易保存油液。矩形截面这种截面导轨制造维修方便，承载能力大，新导轨导向精度高，但磨损后不能自动补偿，需用镶条调节，影响导向精度。 滚动导轨的优点是摩擦系数小，动、静摩擦系数很接近，不会产生爬行现象，可以使用油脂润滑。数控车床导轨的行程一般较长，因此滚动体必须循环。根据滚动体的不同，滚动导轨可分为滚珠直线导轨和滚柱直线导轨，如图3所示。后者的承载能力和刚度都比前者高，但摩擦系数略大。宝鸡机床厂生产的CK75C系列全功能数控车床采用的是滚珠直线导轨，CK535D全功能数控倒置立式车床X向导轨采用的是滚柱直线导轨。 2主轴变速系统 经济型数控车床大多数是不能自动变速的，需要变速时，只能把机床停止，然后手动变速。而全功能数控车床的主传动系统大多采用无级变速。目前，无级变速系统主要有变频主轴系统和伺服主轴系统两种，一般采用直流或交流主轴电机，通过带传动带动主轴旋转，或通过带传动和主轴箱内的减速齿轮(以获得更大的转矩)带动主轴旋转。由于主轴电机调速范围广，又可无级调速，使得主轴箱的结构大为简化。主轴电机在额定转速时可输出全部功率和最大转矩。 3刀架系统 数控车床的刀架是机床的重要组成部分。刀架用于夹持切削用的刀具，因此其结构直接影响机床的切削性
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