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附录 1P. Peterka 等。 /工程故障分析 45（2014）96-1051. 简介钢丝绳将两个非常有用的特性：高轴向强度和弹性弯曲。这些属性转换钢丝绳成必不可少载荷传递元件，用于许多工业应用1。钢丝绳经常用于负载的传输。纺织绳索（通常的纺织纤维或合成材料）相比，钢丝绳具有的更大的强度和更长的寿命的优点2。有，但是，还特殊结构。钢丝绳组合使用用链。 A 链可以是（系泊系统的不仅一个组成部分），但也主要张力元件用于升高或降低系泊组件3。我们可以使用各种 CAD 系统设计的钢丝绳4,5。的钢丝绳被广泛使用在港口，船舶和在许多工业领域。钢丝绳的安全是密切关系到生命安全和设备安全6。绳索的质量和穿着程度显著影响安全矿山提升机，起重机，电梯，航空运输和可靠性。它知道绳的条件，以提供及时更换绳子或延长安全是非常重要的工作寿命时退休标准尚未达到7。至于运输手段的钢丝绳是最常用的滑雪缆车，索道和起重设备。升降是一个重要的交通运输设备应用于煤矿运输煤炭，矿石，材料，人员，设备，等8。曳引绳索是用来连接与曳引容器的卷扬机;因此其可靠性直接关系到矿山生产和人员的生命安全。曳引绳必须承受反复的轴向拉伸负荷和弯曲拉伸载荷鼓和导轮上，其导致钢丝之间的微动磨损，然后使微动钢丝损坏，裂纹萌生，扩展和断裂失效9。从上述的结果的关注应支付给部署在服务的钢丝绳。它特别包括其磨损进程的研究，增加在其使用寿命和性能监控。这是一个巨大的， 仍然是高度关注的问题。吉廖和 Manes 认为2研究了生活预测的钢丝绳进行轴向和弯曲负荷。作为其研究的一部分，它们集中在比较的不同的分析制剂中使用以估计在一个绳子内部和外部导线应力的状态。卓别林10是在处理的故障机制在钢丝绳更详细的检查。他特别专注于特定的降解机理在三个不同的应用观察到：在一个鼓络筒机矿井提升机钢丝绳操作，一系泊绳离岸结构和自旋性单秋季海上起重机钢丝绳。张等。 11研究钢丝绳的弯曲疲劳性能和失效机理的问题。在他们的研究用于无损定量检测和人工检测方法。Prier 等。 12涉及的在氯化钠溶液提交微动疲劳拉拔钢丝的研究。实验测试进行重现接触条件在螺旋股线进行自由弯曲变形并提交给腐蚀。同一作者研究了13的水性环境对微动的影响在土木工程中的电缆用钢丝行为。王某进行了大量的提升绳索失败的研究。他研究了微动终端质量的效果，并在一个煤矿的升降周期提升绳索疲劳参数14。王分析了微动疲劳损伤钢丝在煤矿三腐蚀性介质15。 Wang 等人。 16研究了fretting-应变振幅的效果在低周疲劳钢丝通过采用微动疲劳试验台这是能够申请疲劳行为恒正常接触载荷。他看着微动参数对接触导线应力分布的影响在微动疲劳钢丝的采用有限元法太初始阶段17。他实现了有限元一个提升绳索和三层钢绞线微动疲劳参数和应力分布的探索分析上的横截面18。位移幅值对低周疲劳钢丝微动疲劳行为在两个循环应变的影响各级检查由王为好。 19。Wang 等人。 20提出了一种绳索拉力的仿真模型来研究各种运动参数的作用起重钢丝绳过程中的张力和拉力幅度。此外，他还研究了应变幅度对 frettingfatigue 的影响在低循环疲劳钢丝通过使用微动疲劳试验台这是能够施加恒定行为正常接触载荷21。Torkar 和 Arzensi 22进行了断多股钢丝绳的故障分析，从起重机。天麻等。 23处理了钢丝绳的与一个独立的钢丝绳芯的机械性能。在他们以后的工作中，沉等。 24在执行自制微动磨损钻机微动磨损试验研究微动钢丝磨损行为下摩擦增加润滑脂的条件。结果表明，该微动政权都依赖于位移幅值和正常负荷。 Tittel 等。 25研究了拉丝模的角度尺寸上拉丝和聚束处理的效果。 Plasek 和 Tittel 26研究了钢丝绳的摩擦比。 Liskova 等。 27在评估机械的线材质量的影响的拉制线材的特性。检查也是在钢绳特性调查重要。磁性的应用磁通量泄漏（MFL）方法，以金属部件的无损评价（NDE）已经知道了几十年28。磁通量泄漏（MFL）技术被广泛地用于非侵入检测和表征钢丝绳缺陷29。 Taylor 等。 30应用频率分析，以从钢中的故障导致的声发射信号钢丝绳和从绳索取各个线材。克里森等。 28使用的缺陷的三维定位在斜拉索。电磁测试的商用仪器能够凸显小缺陷，但他们只提供粗略估计它们的位置。Vallan 31中描述的不确定性贡献，影响的缺陷位置测量分析。该系统被设计为可以使用与商业仪器电磁测试，它是由基于激光的检测器，一个数字采集系统和个人计算机。古楚32采用了新的技术检测线绳子的缺陷。他们开发的单核和单线圈的磁通门传感器。陈和许33研究了多绳摩葫芦钢丝绳张力的在线监测系统，该系统用于监视多钢丝绳葫芦钢丝绳在实际的张力时间，从而计算真正的提升载荷和张力差。伟建34使用由磁通门的转换器传感器用于检测钢丝绳缺陷。Cao 等。 35采用新颖的电磁法用于电线的局部缺陷检查绳子。大多数的电磁检测仪器给一维轴向漏磁信号丢失的圆周分配缺陷。通过检查原型获取钢丝绳的二维磁泄漏信号与霍尔传感器阵列。 Vallan 和莫里纳尼36中描述的基于摄像机的测量系统和脱机处理算法。相机获取运行绳索的图像序列;然后图像处理算法提取绳子轮廓和措施都绳链之间的距离，并覆盖了整个的距离。2. 材料和方法卷扬机钢丝绳属于中移动的绳索。因此，他们必须在满足最严格的安全标准他们的职责。这就是为什么他们正在经受周期性中间隔，预防检查，以检查他们的理由破坏和评估其运行可靠性。其损坏主要是由因素如弯曲，磨损，腐蚀造成的，变形负荷和弯曲的葫芦沟，接触瘀伤或动态载荷拉伸。为了评价曳引绳的条件几种方法和基于可用专业文献程序，标准和研究结果建议，它们可以在一般分为机械，冶金和无损的人在评估过程的开始是适当的受到绳子的无损检测， 以便映射和量化的程度和损伤的程度。理想的是，绳正在经受所述非破坏性检查的操作和在初始测试期间立即进行一次绳索被设置成升降系统。这消除所产生的绳子任何缺陷的制造和安装过程中。绳索的机械测试可以在绳索由整个绳的或单个的拉伸试验来进行整体绳线。为了评估在绳子的损害适用机械测试评估个人绳线，其中它是有用拉伸试验和丝直径测量通常以确定线的强度使用用于构建绳子。从机械测试类其他测试包括通过交替进行的测试弯扭的主要目的是为了验证用于制造绳的线材的机械性能。是适当完成绳子电线金相实验的机械测试的进一步的过程中评价。我们的目标是通过光 macroscope 的一种手段，光学显微镜， 分析和选择钢丝绳损坏电线扫描电子显微镜来确定患病率和，如果可能的话，更靠近识别焊丝表面的性质更详细地损害并分析用于制造绳各个线材的微观结构。所有绳线，即两者，绳股和绳芯的丝的外层的导线，必须通过评估过程。试验前的绳索的各导线必须被释放，清洗和脱脂在全氯乙烯由于机械测试目的。金相测试要求绳线的额外的清洁超声波浴。本文旨在描述在真实的条件，并确定操作的曳引绳的评价之所以使用后短期内的损害。理论钢钢丝绳电动葫芦是自从被部署到服务暴露在逐渐恶化的过程。适当的保养并遵守规定的操作条件允许调整的磨损和维护它的过程可接受的范围内，以确保其最大寿命。因此，基于绳索曳引占空比监视系统是在钻井平台（图 1）的升降机制的绳索使用。其主要目的是在连续的步骤来拉新绳从供给卷轴到升降系统中相对较小的部分，这将确保即使磨损的绳子一直。它是不可能使用这种操作上的所有种类的钻机，尤其不适合那些在地下使用的维修井。在一般情况下，它可以指出，在操作的绳索的特征是，所有的它们将显示疲劳断裂，腐蚀和在较短或较长的期间磨损。在操作过程中的疲劳骨折的绳索的数量正在增加，它，但是，仍然可以执行其功能其操作仍然是安全的。表一：用绳子评价方法。用绳子检查方法测试技术测试标准和样品制备评价标准新绳钢丝机械试验丝径10218-2张力6892-112385-1交替弯曲7801B扭转780010264-2受损的电线绳金相实验光 macroscope光镜下扫描型电子显微镜无损检测绳漏磁27 0143b27 0143b4309a4309aP. Peterka 等。 /工程故障分析 45（2014）96-105图1图钻机提升系统。 1 - 电缆卷筒绞盘的; 2 - 天车; 3 - 空闲块; 4 - 沼地绳子死胡同（传感器）; 5 - 储备鼓; 6 - 静态的（死绳端）; 7 - 在探伤仪信号放大器; 8 - 探伤仪; 9 - 考核装置; 10 - 设备测量绳子的长度; 11 - 连接电缆; A - 静态（绳的死胡同）; - 拉伸绳分支。腐蚀将达到一个极限值，从而降低低于一定的安全余量其负载能力。评估的可操作性绳索的局部减少其负荷容量考虑在内。为了更好地理解所有的降解过程正在进行中的钢丝绳或在其表面上有必要进行这方面的研究。所学到的知识可以丰富现有的信息基础，因此有利于新的先进的诊断的发展和检测方法，它们将被用于由制造商和这一类的钢丝绳的运营商。在研究损害到钢丝绳整个努力旨在所需的施加时间缩短诊断方法，增加了其可靠性和在技术，节能减排要求的性格和财政。绳进行运行和拉出钻杆的工作的最大部分。总的工作总和个人的工作操作。确定建议交付后的新绳索从供给拉出一点点在盘的拉动计算其显著提高其服务期限;或将其更换为一个整体。牵引工作（虽然监视）往往导致绳索的过度的局部磨损。结果钻机的卷扬机钢丝绳正在完成 127 吨公里后进行试验。不一会使用期限的绳子开始显示出扭曲 - 从绳子股导线的释放。被释放的绳线分别为通过升降系统传递变形时，且随后，变形，磨损和破碎导线断裂。伤害到绳索仅表现在外部绳层（图 2）的外部护套的电线。的视觉检查绳发现损坏的众多巢到各个线材的外部绳股线的外层（图 3）上。篮网未分配定期。将该绳轴承腐蚀的迹象和磨损作为操作的结果。电线绳股线的顶层由磨损和压缩被大大磨损。绳索由六个绳股并在一个单独的 IWRC 型钢丝绳的形式的核心。各外的股有 26 线。外链是对WS（灵顿盖章）类型，设计为 6？ （1 + 5 +（5 + 5）+ 10）。该该 IWRC 型钢丝绳芯被设计成 1 + 6 + 6？ （1 + 6）。 （图 4）的检测线中的绳索的参数示于表 2 中。绳索操作者的绳索的常规的非破坏性检查的系统。对于这些类型的起重机绳索它是一个标准程序 - 绳索在三个月的时间间隔或完成一定数量tonnekilometres 后定期检查。操作者除去从系统中的绳索发现变形对绳索后， 立即如此制成它不可能执行绳索的非破坏性的检查和测量损坏绳子的程度。由于关税确定的号码的第一个周期结束前的绳子损害吨公里周期不进行绳索的非破坏性检查。将该绳束只受到初始非破坏性测试（图 5），以确定新的绳索的状态。被检查的绳索没有包含损坏的电线和无缺陷制造（电线焊点）。之后带走了样品绳子绳子破坏程度是由目测调查。据向绳线的损伤的性质，目前还不清楚，所有的损害是由疲劳引起的，因此从归档的未使用的绳索的样品进行机械测试。有人还建议同时进行损坏的电线的金相测量和，如果必要的话，的受损丝的 10的机械试验绳子。来自未使用的归档绳样品绳索取样和特定电线被从中提取。所有提取电线受到拉力的机械试验，弯曲和扭转;的实际测量直径导线被同时测量。即使在测试期间从该线材的顶部层中的导线的机械性能显著差异用直径 1.85 毫米是显着。机械绳测试评价根据 EN 标准做 12385-1 和 EN 10264-2：2011 年+ A1。评估结果表明，绳子在另一个档次绳作为制造它是在制造商的钢丝绳检验证书申报。表 3 示出对于特定线的平均强度直径在所述绳索的结构中使用。很明显（表3 - 平均强度钢丝绳值）绳制造在绳级 1960 年兆帕;那里的绳子绳子都成绩 1770 兆帕，1960 年兆帕评价。该按照双方的绳子等级标准的绳子评价发现，不满意的钢丝绳位于由直径 1.85 毫米导线形成的各个绞线的上层。根据标准的绳级1770 兆帕 38 线与 1.85 毫米流离失所的直径。根据标准的绳级 1960 年 24 兆帕电线直径 1.85 毫米流离失所。这导致发现，与直径的电线 1.85 毫米在两根绳子的成绩 inwoven 到绳子。在表 4 中只列出了 1.85 毫米直径钢丝强度个人股。显而易见的是，在绳的制造商所用的绳子级 1770 兆帕，第二个甚至 2160 兆帕。结论质量不尽人意。将该绳束在 the1960 兆帕绳级制，而不是在绳级 1770 兆帕作为由制造商声明。下标准评价绳（见表 1），并根据这些在的声明生产商， 即对于该标准的绳级 1770 兆帕的整合，绳子是不够的，因为大部分的导线被排除，因为的上强度极限。由于上面提到的事实和评估目的的绳升格为绳年级它实际上是制造（绳级 1960 年兆帕）。尽管升级绳不匹配绳子级标准和33 线流离失所。 24 移位电线，其中相当大的部分，是在上层，直径为 1.85 毫米。机械试验表明，用于制造绳的电线，并放置在该线材的顶部层属于两个不同的绳索年级 - 绳子级 1770 兆帕，甚至绳索级 2160 兆帕（图 6）。取线的上层的各绳级的样品中的机械试验和金相过程测试和其隶属金相试验如下的光 macroscope 放大和观察，并光学显微镜和扫描型显微镜证实，所有观察到的线具有的材料的相同的结构。这意味着，在制造过程中不使用具有强度受不正确导线制造导线进程，甚至电线从可能造成后续可能的附加热损伤被阻止变化的金属结构。总之， 根据进行机械测试，它可以说，在上绳索的层分别制造的两种不同的绳牌号inwoven 电线时，它加速了损害在操作绳（图 2 和 3）。变形和导线的断裂是由导线的释放引起的通过强力和耐磨损的绳股以及下部绳级的释放时导线通过升降系统。从而弱化线然后破裂。附录 2Engineering Failure Analysis 45 (2014) 961051. IntroductionWire ropes combine two very useful properties: high axial strength and flexibility in bending. These properties convert wire ropes into indispensable load transmission elements for many industrial applications 1. Wire ropes are frequently used for load transmission. Compared with textile ropes (normally textile fibres or synthetic material), wire ropes have the advantage of greater strength and longer life 2. There are, however, also special structures. Wire ropes are used in combination with a chain. A chain can be (not only a component parts of mooring systems) but also a principal tension element for raising or lowering mooring components 3. We can use various CAD systems for designing wire ropes 4,5. The wire ropes are widely used in harbours, on ships and in many industrial fields. The safety of a wire rope is closely related to the life safety and equipment safety 6. The quality and wearing degree of ropes significantly influences safety and reliability of mining hoists, cranes, elevators and air transportation.P. Peterka et al. / Engineering Failure Analysis 45 (2014) 96105It is important to know the condition of the rope in order to provide timely replacement of the rope or to extend the safe working life when the retirement criteria have not been reached 7. Regarding the means of transport the steel ropes are most commonly used in ski lifts, cableways or hoisting equipments.A hoist is an important transportation equipment in coal mines used to transport coal, ore, materials, personnel, equipments, etc 8. A hoisting rope is used to connect the hoister with the hoisting container; therefore its reliability is directly related tomine production and the security of personnel lives. A hoisting rope has to withstand repeated axial tension loads and bendingstretch loads on the drum and guide wheel,which result in the fretting wear between steel wires and then cause fretting damage, crack initiation, propagation and fracture failure of steel wires 9. From above mentioned results that attention should be paid to the wire ropes deployed in service. It particularly includes the research of processes of their wear, increase in their service life and performance monitoring. It is a vast, still highly topical issue. Giglio and Manes 2 examined the life prediction of a wire rope subjected to the axial and bending loads. As part of their research, they focused on the comparisonof different analytical formulations employed to estimate the state of stress in inner and external wires of a rope. Chaplin 10 was dealing with more detailed examination of failure mechanisms in wire ropes. In particular, he focused on the specific degradation mechanisms observed in three different applications: a mine hoist rope operating on a drum winder, a mooring rope for an offshore structure and a spin-resistant single-fall offshore crane rope. Zhang et al. 11 study the issue of the bending fatigue behaviour and failure mechanisms of wire ropes. In their research were used nondestructive quantitative detection and artificial detection methods.Perier et al. 12 dealt with the study of drawn steel wires submitted to fretting-fatigue in the solution of sodium chloride.Experimental tests were conducted to reproduce the contact conditions in spiral strands undergoing free bending deformationsand submitted to corrosion. The same author researched 13 the influence of aqueous environment on the frettingbehaviour of steel wires used in civil engineering cables.Wang carried out lots of studies of the hoisting rope failures. He investigated the effect of terminal mass on fretting and fatigue parameters of a hoisting rope during a lifting cycle in a coal mine 14.Wang analyzed the fretting fatigue damages of steel wires in a coal mine in three corrosive media 15. Wang et al. 16 investigated the effect of strain amplitude on fretting fatigue behaviour of steel wires in a low cycle fatigue by employing a fretting-fatigue test rig which was able to apply a constant normal contact load. He looked into the effects of fretting parameters on stress distributions of contacting wires during the initial stage of fretting-fatigue of steel wires using the finite element method too 17. He realised the finite element analysisof a hoisting rope and three-layered strand for the exploration of fretting fatigueparameters and stress distributions on the cross-section 18. The effect of displacement amplitude on fretting fatigue behaviour of steel wires in low cycle fatigue at two cyclic strain levels were examined by Wang as well. 19 Wang et al.20 presented the simulation model of a rope tension to examine the role of various kinematic parameters in rope tension and tension amplitude during lifting. In addition, he investigated the effect of strain amplitude on frettingfatigue behaviour of steel wires in low cycle fatigue by using a fretting-fatigue test rig which was able to apply a constant normal contact load 21. Torkar and Arzensi 22 performed the failure analysis of a broken multi strand wire rope from a crane. Elata et al. 23 dealt with the mechanical behaviour of a wire rope with an independent wire rope core. In their later work, Shen et al. 24 performed the fretting wear tests on the self-made fretting wear rig to investigate fretting wear behaviours of steel wires under friction-increasing grease conditions. The results demonstrated that the fretting regimes were dependent on displacement amplitudes and normal loads. Tittelet al. 25 researched the effect of drawing angle size of a die on wire drawing and bunching process. Plasek and Tittel 26 studied the friction ratio in the wire ropes. Liskova et al. 27 evaluated the effect of wire rods quality on the mechanical properties of drawn wires. Inspection is also important in investigation of steel rope properties. The application of m agnetic flux leakage (MFL) methods to the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of metal parts has been known for several decades 28. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) techniques are used extensively for non-intrusively detecting and characterizing wire rope defects 29. Taylor et al. 30 applied frequency analysis to the acoustic emission signals resulting from the failure of steel wire ropes and individual wires taken from the ropes. Christen et al. 28 used three-dimensional localization of defects in stay cables. Commercial instruments for electromagnetic tests are able to highlight small defects but they provide only a rough estimation of their positions. Vallan 31 described the analysis of the uncertainty contributions that affect the defect position measurements. The system is designed to be employed with commercial instruments for electromagnetic tests and it is composed of a laser-based detector, a digital acquisition system and a personalcomputer. Gu and Chu 32 applied a new technique for detecting wire rope defects. They developed a fluxgate sensor of single-core and single-winding. Chen and Xu 33 examined a multi-rope hoist wire rope tension on-line monitoring system, which is used to monitor the tension of multi-rope hoist wire rope in real time, thus to calculate the real hoisting load and tension difference. Wei and Jianxin 34 used a transducer made of fluxgate sensors for testing wire rope defects. Cao et al. 35 used novel electromagneticmethodforlocaldefectsinspectionofwirerope.Most electromagnetic testing instruments give one-dimensional axial magnetic flux leakage signal losing the circumferential distribution of defects. The two-dimensional magnetic leakage signal of wire rope is acquired via an inspection prototype with the Hall sensor array. Vallan and Molinari 36 described a measurement system that is based on a video camera and on an offline processing algorithm. The camera acquires an image sequence of the running rope; then an image processing algorithm extracts the rope contour and measures both the distance among rope strands and the whole distance covered by the rope during the test. Radovanovic et al. 37 used magnetic method of inspection for the system providing full monitoring of wire rope condition according to the prescribed international standards, too. Stroffek and Lesso 38 suggested the acoustic method for measurement of Young s modulus of steel wireropes.2. Material and methodsThe hoist steel wire ropes belong among the moving ropes. Therefore, they must meet the strictest safety criteria during their duty. This is the reason why they are being subjected, in periodical intervals, to preventive inspections to check their damage and asses their operational reliability. Their damage is mostly caused by factors such as bending, abrasion, corrosion, deformation in the hoist groove, contact bruising or dynamic-load tensile in load and bending. To evaluate the condition of a hoist rope several methods and procedures based on available professional literature, standards and findings are recommended, they can be in general divided into mechanical, metallurgical and nondestructive ones (Table 1).At the beginning of the evaluation process it is appropriate to subject the rope to thenon-destructive inspection in order to map and quantify the extent and degree of damage. Ideally, the rope is being subjected to the non-destructive inspection during the operation and the initial test is performed immediately once the rope was set into a hoist system. This eliminates any defects arising on the rope during its manufacture and installation. Mechanical tests of a rope can be performed on a rope as a whole by the tensile test of the entire rope or on individual rope wires. To assess the damage to a rope it is useful to apply mechanical tests assessing individual rope wires where the tensile test and wire diameter measurements are often used in order to determine the strength of a wire used to construct a rope. Other tests from the category of mechanical tests include the tests conducted by alternating bending and torsion, the main objective is to verify the mechanical properties of the wire used to manufacture the rope. It is appropriate to complete mechanical tests of the rope wires with metallographic experiments in the course of further evaluation. The goal is to analyze selected and damaged rope wires by a means of a light macroscope, a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope to determine the prevalence and, if possible, closer identify the nature of the wire surface damage and analyze in more details the microstructure of individual wires used to manufacture the rope. All rope wires, i.e. both, the wires of the outer layers of the rope strands and the wires of the rope core, have to pass the assessment process. Before the tests the individual wires of the rope must be released, cleaned and degreased in perchlorethylene because of the mechanical testing purposes. Metallographic tests require additional cleaning of the rope wires in an ultrasonic bath. The paper aims to describe the evaluation of the hoist rope operated in real conditions and to determine the reason of damage after a short period of use.3. Theory/calculationThe steel hoist rope is exposed to the process of gradual deterioration since being deployed to service. Proper maintenance and compliance with the prescribed operating conditions allows to regulate the process of wear and maintaining it within acceptable limits to ensure its maximum life. Therefore, the system based on the rope hoisting duty monitoring is used in the ropes of hoist mechanisms of drilling rigs (Fig.1). The main objective is in successive steps to pull the new rope from the supply reel into the hoist system in relatively small sections, this will ensure the even wear of the rope all along. It is not possible to apply this operation on all kinds of the drilling rigs, especially not for those employed in the underground repair of wells. In general, it is possible to point out that the characteristic feature of the ropes in operation is that all of them will show fatigue fractures, corrosion and wear during shorter or longer period. During the operation the number of fatigue fractures in the rope is increasing and it, however, can still perform its function and its operation is still safe. The rope must be removed only when the concentration of fatigue breakages, wear-out orFig. 1. Diagram of a drilling rig hoist system. 1 Cable drum of the winch; 2 crown block; 3 free block; 4 moor (sensor) of the rope dead end; 5 reserve drum; 6 static (dead rope end); 7 signal amplifier in the flaw detector;8 flaw detector; 9 assessment device; 10 device measuring the length of the rope; 11 connecting cable; A static (dead end of the rope); B tensile rope branch.corrosion will reach a limit value, which reduces its load capacity below a certain safety margin. Evaluating the operability of the rope a local reduction of its load capacity is taken into account.For better understanding of all the degradation processes going on in the steel wire rope or on its surface it is necessary to carry on the research in this area. The acquired knowledge can enrich the existing information base and so facilitate development of new advanced diagnostic and detection methods and they will be used by manufacturers and operators of this category of steel wire ropes. The whole effort in researching damages to the steel wire ropes aims to time shortening required for the application of diagnostic methods, increase of their reliability and reduction of their demanding character in technology, energy and finances. A rope duty when pulling out and running the drilling stem:4. ResultsThe hoist rope of the drilling rig was subjected to the experiment after completing 127 tonne-kilometres. Within a shortperiod of use the rope started to show distortions release of wires from the rope strands. The released rope wires were deformed when passing through a hoist system and, subsequently, deformed, abraded and crushed wires broke. The damage to the rope was only manifested on the external sheathing57wires of the outer rope layer (Fig. 2). The visual inspection of the rope found numerous nests of damage to the individual wires on the outer layer of the external rope strands (Fig. 3). The nets were not distributed on a regular basis. The rope was bearing signs of corrosion and wear as a result of operation. The wires of the top layer of the rope strands were considerably worn by abrasion and compression. The rope consists of six rope strands and the core in the form of a individual IWRC-type steel wire rope. Each of the outer strands has 26 wires. The outer strands were of the WS (Warrington Seal) type, designed as 6 (1 + 5 + (5 + 5) + 10). The rope core of the IWRC type was designed as 1 + 6 + 6 (1 + 6). (Fig. 4) The parameters of the examined wires in the rope re shown in the Table 2. The rope operator has a system of regular non-destructive inspections of the ropes. For these types of the hoist ropes it is a standard procedure the rope is checked regularly in three-month intervals orafter completing a certain number of tonnekilometres.The operator removed the rope from the system immediately after finding deformations on the rope, thus made it impossible to perform nondestructive inspection of the rope and to measure the extent of damage to the rope.Due to the damage to the rope before the end of the first cycle of duty identified by the number of tonne-kilometres periodic non-destructive inspection of the rope was not performed. The rope was only subjected to the initial non-destructive test (Fig. 5) to determine the status of the new rope. The inspected rope contained no damaged wires and no defects from the manufacture (soldered joints of wires).After taking away the rope sample the level of the rope destruction was investigated by the visual inspection. According to the nature of the damage to the rope wires it was not clear that all the damages were caused by fatigue, therefore the sample of the unused rope from the archive was subjected to mechanical testing. It was also suggested to perform simultaneously metallographic measurements of the damaged wires and, if necessary, mechanical tests of 10% of the damaged wire rope.The rope sample from the unused archived rope sample was taken and the particular wires were extracted from it. All extracted wires were subjected to the mechanical tests of tension, bending and torsion; the actual measured diameter of the wire wasmeasured simultaneously.Even during the tests the significant differences in the mechanical properties of the wires from the top layer of the strandwith the diameter 1.85 mm were notable. The evaluation of mechanical rope tests was done in accordance with the EN standards 12385-1 and EN 10264-2:2012 + A1. The evaluation showed that the rope was manufactured in another rope grade as it was declared in the steel rope test certificate by the manufacturer. Table 3 shows the average strengths for particular wire diameters used in the construction of the rope. It is clear (Table 3 average strength values of wire ropes) the rope was manufacturedthe rope grade 1960 MPa; there for the rope was evaluated in both rope grades 1770 MPa and 1960 MPa. The valuation of the rope in accordance with the criteria of both rope grades found that unsatisfactory wire ropes are located in the upper layer of the individual strands formed by the wires having a diameter 1.85 mm. According to the criteria for the rope grade 1770 MPa 38 wires with the diameter 1.85 mm were displaced. According to the criteria for the rope grade 1960 MPa 24 wires with the diameter 1.85 mm were displaced. This led to the finding that the wires with the diameter 1.85 mm in two rope grades were inwoven into the rope. In the Table 4 are listed only 1.85 mm diameter wire strengths for individual strands. It is evident that the manufacturer of the rope used the rope grade 1770 MPa and the second onemeasurements. Detailed metallographic expert examinations of the top layer wires of the rope strands did not confirm significant differences in the structure of used steel (Figs. 7 and 8). The wires showing damage, the wires with lower strength and undamaged wires, the wires with higher strength have identical, predominantly bainitic structure with a high degree of forming.Deformations of the wires are caused by a strong dint and abrasion during the passing through the hoist system. Thus weakened wires then ruptured. The results of the metallographic examinations showed that all the wires of the top layerhave the same structure (Figs. 7 and 8). This means that the damage of the rope was caused by the higher stress of the wires having lower strength; the wires started to release from the rope construction, deform and break (Figs. 9ac and 10ac).Conclusions From the above results of mechanical and metallographic analyses ispossible to state that the rope subjected to the testsis of unsatisfactory quality. The rope was manufactured in the1960 MPa rope grade and not in the rope grade 1770 MPa as declared by the manufacturer. Evaluating the rope under the criteria (see Table 1) and according to these in the declaration of conformity of the manufacturer, i.e. for the criteria for the rope grade 1770 MPa, the rope is insufficient because most of the wires were excluded because of the upper strength limit. Because of above mentioned facts and evaluation purposes the ropewas upgraded to the rope grade in which it was actually manufactured (the rope grade 1960 MPa). Despite the upgrade the rope did not match the rope grade criteria and 33 wires were displaced. 24 displaces wires, substantial portion of them, is in the upper layer, the diameter is 1.85 mm. The mechanical tests showed that the wires used for manufacturing the rope and placed in the top layer of the strand belong to two different rope grades the rope grade 1770 MPa and even the rope Taking samples of each rope grade of the upper layer of the wire in the course of mechanical tests and metallographic tests and their subjection to metallographic tests such as magnificationand observation under the light macroscope, and a light microscope and a scanning microscope confirmed that all observed wires have the same structure of the material. It means that in the manufacturing process were not used wires having strength affected by the incorrect wire manufacturing might have caused possible subsequent change of the metal structure. In conclusion, based on carried mechanical tests, it can be stated that in the upper laye