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机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译,机器人,外文,文献,翻译,中英文
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RobotRobot is an intelligent machine which can work semi autonomously or fully autonomously. The earliest robot in history can be found in the puppet robot that emperor Yang of Sui ordered craftsmen to build according to the image of Liu He. It has a mechanism, and has the ability of sitting, rising, worshiping and lying. Robot has the basic characteristics of perception, decision-making and execution, which can assist or even replace human beings to complete dangerous, heavy and complex work, improve work efficiency and quality, serve human life, and expand or extend human activities and capabilities.Basic introduction:In 1920, Czech writer Karel Capek published the science fiction script the omnipotent robot of rosam. In the script, capec wrote the Czech language Robota as robot, and Robota means slave. The play foretells the tragic influence of the development of robot on human society, which has attracted peoples attention and is regarded as the origin of the word robot. In the play, robots work silently according to the command of their owners, without feeling and feeling, and they are engaged in heavy work in a rigid way. Later, the company achieved success, which made robots have feelings, which led to the rapid increase of robot application departments. Robots are indispensable members of factories and household work. The robot found that human beings were selfish and unfair, and finally rebelled. The robot was extremely good in physical and intelligent, so it eliminated human beings. But robots dont know how to make themselves, think they will soon die out, so they start looking for human survivors, but there is no result. Finally, a couple of robots with better perception than other robots love each other. At this time, the robot evolved into human beings, and the world was back to life.Kepeck puts forward the problems of robot safety, perception and self reproduction. The progress of science and technology is likely to cause problems that human beings do not want. Although the science fiction world is only an imagination, human society may face this reality.In order to prevent robots from harming human beings, science fiction writer Asimov put forward three principles of robots in his book I am a robot in 1950. A robot must not harm human beings, nor allow it to stand idly by when it sees that human beings will be hurt; The robot must obey the humans command, unless the humans command violates the first rule; Robots have to protect themselves from harm, unless that goes against both of the above.These three principles give the robot society new ethics. Up to now, it will still provide meaningful guidelines for robot researchers, manufacturers and users.At the first robot conference held in Japan in 1967, two representative definitions were put forward. First, Mori Zhenghong and Hetian Zhouping put forward that robot is a flexible machine with seven characteristics of mobility, individuality, intelligence, versatility, semi mechanical and semi human nature, automaticity and Slavism. Starting from this definition, Mori proposed to represent the image of a robot with 10 characteristics, such as automaticity, intelligence, individuality, semi mechanical and semi human nature, operability, universality, informability, flexibility, finiteness and mobility. Another one is proposed by Ichiro Kato, and a machine with the following three conditions can be called a robot An individual with brain, hand and foot; It has non-contact sensor (receiving remote information with eyes and ears) and contact sensor; Sensors with balance and proprioception.The definition emphasizes that the robot should have the characteristics of humanoid, that is, it works by hand, moves by foot, and completes the task of unified command by brain. The non-contact sensor and the contact sensor are equivalent to humans five sense organs, which enable the robot to recognize the external environment. The sense of balance and inherent sense are indispensable sensors for the robot to perceive its own state.Classification:As for the classification of robots, there is no unified international standard, so there are different classifications from different perspectives.The development stage of robot The first generation of robot: teaching reproduction robot. In 1947, in order to transport and process nuclear fuel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed the worlds first remote-controlled robot. In 1962, the United States successfully developed puma universal teaching and reproducing robot. This robot controls a multi degree of freedom machine through a computer, stores programs and information through teaching, reads out the information when working, and then sends out instructions, so that the robot can reproduce this action repeatedly according to the results of human teaching at that time. For example, the spot welding robot of an automobile always repeats this kind of work after teaching the spot welding process. Second generation robot: sensory robot. The teaching and reproducing robot has no perception of the external environment. It does not know the size of the operating force, the existence of the workpiece, and whether the welding is good or bad. Therefore, in the late 1970s, people began to study the second generation robot, which is called sensory robot. This kind of robot has the feeling similar to human in some functions, such as force sense, touch, sliding sense and vision It can feel and recognize the shape, size and color of the workpiece through feeling. The third generation robot: intelligent robot. Robots invented since the 1990s. This kind of robot has many kinds of sensors, which can carry out complex logical reasoning, judgment and decision-making, and decide its own behavior independently in the changing internal state and external environment.control mode Operational robot: automatic control, reprogrammable, multi-functional, with several degrees of freedom, can be fixed or moving, used in related automation systems. Program controlled robot: control the mechanical action of the robot according to the order and condition required in advance. Teaching and reproducing robot: by guiding or other ways, the robot is taught to act first, and the working procedure is input, and the robot will automatically repeat the operation. CNC robot: it is unnecessary to make the robot move, teach the robot by numerical value and language, and the robot will work according to the information after teaching. Sensory control robot: the information obtained by sensors is used to control the robots action. Adaptive control robot: robot can adapt to the changes of environment and control its own actions. Learning control robot: robot can experience the work experience, has certain learning function, and uses the learning experience in the work. Intelligent robot: a robot that determines its action with artificial intelligence.application environment At present, the robot scholars in the world divide robots into two types from the perspective of application environment: industrial robots in manufacturing environment and service robots in non manufacturing environment and humanoid robots.From the application environment, robot experts in China also divide robots into two categories, namely industrial robots and special robots. This is consistent with the international classification. Industrial robot is a multi joint manipulator or multi degree of freedom robot facing the industrial field. Special robots are all kinds of advanced robots, including service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, etc., which are used in non manufacturing industry and serving human beings. In special robots, some branches have developed rapidly, and have the trend of independent system, such as service robot, underwater robot, military robot, micro operation robot, etc.Industrial robots are divided into four types according to the motion form of the arm. The arm of rectangular coordinate type can move along three rectangular coordinates; the arm of cylindrical coordinate type can be used for lifting, turning and stretching; the arm of spherical coordinate type can rotate, pitch and stretch; the arm of joint type has multiple rotating joints.According to the control function of the actuator, industrial robots can be divided into point position type and continuous trajectory type. The point position type only controls the accurate positioning of the actuator from one point to another, which is suitable for loading and unloading of machine tools, spot welding, general handling, loading and unloading, etc.; the continuous track type can control the actuator to move according to the given track, which is suitable for continuous welding and painting, etc.Industrial robots can be divided into programming input type and teaching input type according to program input mode. The programming input type is to transmit the programmed operation program files on the computer to the robot control cabinet through RS-232 serial port or Ethernet. There are two teaching methods of teaching input type: one is that the operator uses the manual controller (teaching control box) to transmit the command signal to the drive system, so that the actuator can perform according to the required action sequence and motion track; the other is that the operator directly leads the actuator to perform according to the required action sequence and motion track. In the process of teaching, the information of the working program is automatically stored in the program memory. When the robot works automatically, the control system detects the corresponding information from the program memory and transmits the command signal to the driving mechanism, so that the actuator can reproduce various actions of teaching. The industrial robot that teaches input program is called teaching reproduction industrial robot.technical parameterTechnical parameters are the technical data provided by the robot manufacturer when the products are supplied. The technical parameters of different robots are different, and the technical parameters provided by different manufacturers and the requirements of users are not exactly the same. However, the main technical parameters of robot generally include: degree of freedom, positioning accuracy and repeated positioning accuracy, working range, maximum working speed, bearing capacity, etc.freedomThe degree of freedom refers to the number of independent coordinate axis movements of the robot, excluding the opening and closing degrees of freedom of the gripper (end manipulator). It takes six degrees of freedom to describe the pose of an object in three-dimensional space. However, the degree of freedom of the robot is designed according to its purpose, which may be less than 6 degrees of freedom or more than 6 degrees of freedom. For example, the a4020 assembly robot has four degrees of freedom, which can plug electronic devices on the printed circuit board; the puma562 assembly robot has six degrees of freedom, which can carry out arc welding operations on complex space surfaces. From the point of view of kinematics, a robot with redundant degrees of freedom is called redundant degree of freedom robot, or redundant degree of freedom robot for short. For example, puma562 robot becomes redundant when it performs the operation of inserting electronic devices on the printed circuit board. The use of redundant degrees of freedom can increase the flexibility of the robot, avoid obstacles and improve the dynamic performance. The human arm (big arm, small arm, wrist) has a total of 7 degrees of freedom, so it works very dexterously. The hand can avoid obstacles and reach the same destination from different directions.Maximum working speedIt usually refers to the maximum speed at the end of the manipulator. Increasing the speed can improve the work efficiency, so it is very important to improve the acceleration and deceleration ability of the robot and ensure the stability of the acceleration and deceleration process of the robot.Speed of movementAfter the maximum stroke of each action of robot or manipulator is determined, the time of each action can be allocated according to the production rhythm, and then the movement speed of each action can be determined. For example, if a robot manipulator wants to complete the feeding process of a workpiece, it needs to complete a series of actions, such as clamping the workpiece, arm lifting, stretching, rotating and so on. These actions should be completed within the time specified by the work rhythm. As for how the time of each movement should be allocated, it depends on many factors, which can not be determined by ordinary calculation. It is necessary to think over and over again according to various factors, and try to make the distribution scheme of each action, and then determine it after comparing and balancing. The beat is shorter and needs more careful consideration.Robot industry editorThe scale of robot industry in Shanghai has reached 6-7 billion yuan, ranking first in China. Abb, FANUC, KUKA and Yaskawa, which are the top four robots in the world, all have their own organizations in Shanghai. ABB robotics headquarters has settled in Shanghai, with an annual output of 6000 robots. KUKAs new plant in Songjiang started last month, and its production capacity is expected to reach 5000 by 2015. Shanghai will expand the application of robot system integration, making Shanghai the largest robot industry base, robot core technology R & D center, high-end manufacturing center, service center and Application Center in China.机器人机器人（Robot）是一种能够半自主或全自主工作的智能机器。历史上最早的机器人见于隋炀帝命工匠按照柳抃形象所营造的木偶机器人，施有机关，有坐、起、拜、伏等能力。机器人具有感知、决策、执行等基本特征，可以辅助甚至替代人类完成危险、繁重、复杂的工作，提高工作效率与质量，服务人类生活，扩大或延伸人的活动及能力范围。基本介绍:1920年，捷克作家卡雷尔凯佩克（Karel Capek）发表了科幻剧本罗萨姆的万能机器人。在剧本中，凯佩克把捷克语“Robota”写成了“Robot”，“Robota”是奴隶的意思。该剧预告了机器人的发展对人类社会的悲剧性影响，引起了人们的广泛关注，被当成了“机器人”一词的起源。在该剧中，机器人按照其主人的命令默默地工作，没有感觉和感情，以呆板的方式从事繁重的劳动。后来，罗萨姆公司取得了成功，使机器人具有了感情，导致机器人的应用部门迅速增加。在工厂和家务劳动中，机器人成了必不可少的成员。机器人发觉人类十分自私和不公正，终于造反了，机器人的体能和智能都非常优异，因此消灭了人类。但是机器人不知道如何制造它们自己，认为它们自己很快就会灭绝，所以它们开始寻找人类的幸存者，但没有结果。最后，一对感知能力优于其他机器人的男女机器人相爱了。这时机器人进化为人类，世界又起死回生了。 凯佩克提出的是机器人的安全、感知和自我繁殖问题。科学技术的进步很可能引发人类不希望出现的问题。虽然科幻世界只是一种想象，但人类社会将可能面临这种现实。 为了防止机器人伤害人类，1950年科幻作家阿西莫夫（Asimov）在我是机器人一书中提出了“机器人三原则”： 机器人必须不伤害人类，也不允许它见人类将受到伤害而袖手旁观； 机器人必须服从人类的命令，除非人类的命令与第一条相违背； 机器人必须保护自身不受伤害，除非这与上述两条相违背。这三条原则，给机器人社会赋以新的伦理性。至今，它仍会为机器人研究人员、设计制造厂家和用户提供十分有意义的指导方针。1967年日本召开的第一届机器人学术会议上，人们提出了两个有代表性的定义。一是森政弘与合田周平提出的：“机器人是一种具有移动性、个体性、智能性、通用性、半机械半人性、自动性、奴隶性等7个特征的柔性机器”。从这一定义出发，森政弘又提出了用自动性、智能性、个体性、半机械半人性、作业性、通用性、信息性、柔性、有限性、移动性等10个特性来表示机器人的形象；另一个是加藤一郎提出的，具有如下3个条件的机器可以称为机器人： 具有脑、手、脚等三要素的个体； 具有非接触传感器（用眼、耳接受远方信息）和接触传感器； 具有平衡觉和固有觉的传感器。该定义强调了机器人应当具有仿人的特点，即它靠手进行作业，靠脚实现移动，由脑来完成统一指挥的任务。非接触传感器和接触传感器相当于人的五官，使机器人能够识别外界环境，而平衡觉和固有觉则是机器人感知本身状态所不可缺少的传感器。分类:关于机器人的分类，国际上没有制定统一的标准，从不同的角度可以有不同的分类。机器人的发展阶段 第一代机器人：示教再现型机器人。1947年，为了搬运和处理核燃料，美国橡树岭国家实验室研发了世界上第一台遥控的机器人。1962年美国又研制成功PUMA通用示教再现型机器人，这种机器人通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样机器人可以重复地根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作。比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作。 第二代机器人：感觉型机器人。示教再现型机器人对于外界的环境没有感知，这个操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊接的好与坏，它并不知道，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫感觉型机器人，这种机器人拥有类似人在某种功能的感觉，如力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉等，它能够通过感觉来感受和识别工件的形状、大小、颜色。 第三代机器人：智能型机器人。20世纪90年代以来发明的机器人。这种机器人带有多种传感器，可以进行复杂的逻辑推理、判断及决策，在变化的内部状态与外部环境中，自主决定自身的行为。控制方式操作型机器人：能自动控制，可重复编程，多功能，有几个自由度，可固定或运动，用于相关自动化系统中。 程控型机器人：按预先要求的顺序及条件，依次控制机器人的机械动作。 示教再现型机器人：通过引导或其他方式，先教会机器人动作，输入工作程序，机器人则自动重复进行作业。 数控型机器人：不必使机器人动作，通过数值、语言等对机器人进行示教，机器人根据示教后的信息进行作业。感觉控制型机器人：利用传感器获取的信息控制机器人的动作。 适应控制型机器人：机器人能适应环境的变化，控制其自身的行动。 学习控制型机器人：机器人能“体会”工作的经验，具有一定的学习功能，并将所“学”的经验用于工作中。 智能机器人：以人工智能决定其行动的机器人。应用环境目前，国际上
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