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附录一：双离合变速器Dual clutch transmissionFrom Wikipedia,the free encyclopediaA dual clutch transmission,commonly abbreviated to hoop DCT (sometimes informally referred to as a twin-clutch gearbox,double clutch transmission,or similar variations there of) ,is a differing type of semi-automatic or automated manual automotive transmission. It utilises two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets. It can fundamentally be described as two separate manual transmissions(with their respective clutches)contained within one housing,and working as one unit. They are usually operated in a fully automatic mode,and many also have the ability to allow the driver to manually shift gears,albeit still carried out by the transmissions electro-hydraulics.This type of transmission was invented by Frenchman Adolphe Kegresse just prior to World War II but he never developed a working model. The first actual DCTs arrived from Porsche in-house development,for Porsche racing cars in the 1980s,when computers to control the transmission became compact enough:the Porsche Dopel kupplung sgetribe (English:dual clutch gearbox) (PDK)used in the Porsche 956 and 962 Le Mans race cars from 1983,and the Audi Sport Quattro S1 rally car.A dual clutch transmission eliminates the torque converter as used in conventional epicyclic-geared automatic transmissions. Instead,dual clutch transmissions that are currently on the market primarily use two oil-bathed wet multi-plate clutches,similar to the clutches used in most motorcycles,though dry clutch versions are also available.The first series production road car to be fitted with a DCT was the 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32.As of 2009,the largest number of sales of DCTs in Western Europe are by various marques of the German Volkswagen Group,though this is anticipated to lessen as other transmission makers and vehicle manufacturers make DCTs available in series production automobiles. In 2010,on BMW Canadas website for the 3 Series Coupe,it is described both as a 7-speed double clutch transmission and as a 7-speed automatic transmission. It is actually a dual clutch semi-automatic.In DCTs where the two clutches are arranged concentrically,the larger outer clutch drives the odd numbered gears,whilst the smaller inner clutch drives the even numbered gears. Shifts can be accomplished without interrupting torque distribution to the driven roadwheels,by applying the engines torque to one clutch at the same time as it is being disconnected from the other clutch. Since alternate gear ratios can pre-select an odd gear on one gear shaft whilst the vehicle is being driven in an even gear,(and vice versa),DCTs are able to shift more quickly than other cars equipped with single-clutch automated-manual transmissions(AMTs),a.k.a single-clutch semi-automatics. Also,with a DCT,shifts can be made more smoothly than with an AMT,making a DCT more suitable for conventional road cars.Characteristic of Dual clutch gearboxAdvantages:1. Compared with the traditional planetary gear type automatic gearbox fuel economy is more advantageous to the ascension can reduce fuel consumption about 15 percent.2. During the shift,almost no damage.3. When high-grade gear is already in preparation condition,rise against extremely fast,achieve astonishing 8 millisecond.4. No matter what is running mode accelerator or condition,can reach 600 shift time(at least from the odd block to millisecond odd block,or even block drop from even when it took about block,for 900 milliseconds,for example from the first five block to 3 block).Faults:1. The electric control system and hydraulic system due to the existence of gearbox efficiency , double clutch than traditional manual gearbox still used to deliver big torque,especially the wet dual clutch gearbox is even more so.2. Dual clutch gearbox cost is higher,the development of precision and complex double clutch , resulting in higher prices.3. When need to switch gears in preparation condition,not shift time relatively long,in some cases even more than 1 second.4. Dual clutch gearbox,compared with the traditional manual gearbox heavier.5. Dual clutch the biggest transfer torque transmission on the low side,restrain the engine of space.6. Early dual clutch gearbox reliability poor.7. Gearbox lubricant need according to factories require change regularly,and replacement costs is not cheap.译：双离合变速器双离合变速器，通常被简短地缩写为DCT（有时不是很正式的情况下会被称为双离合变速箱，或者类似的称呼），是半自动或自动汽车中传动装置的另一种不同的类型。它采用了奇数齿轮组和偶数齿轮组这两个独立的离合器。它可以从根本上被描述为两个独立的手动变速箱（与它们各自的离合器）作为一个单元容纳在同一个壳体中。他们通常在全自动模式下操作，而且也有让司机手动换挡的能力，尽管仍然能够进行电子液压系统的传输。这种类型的变速器是由法国人阿道夫凯格雷斯在二战前夕时发明的，计划用于配备充满传奇色彩的Traction，但当时的市场状况并不适合商业应用。双离合器变速箱在等待了半个后才开始配备民用车。上个世纪80年代初，自行研发了全球首台双离合器变速箱，利用电控系统将双离合器变速箱的结构变得足够紧凑，成为Doppelkupplungs getriebe（德语，简称PDK）。收款PDK双离合器变速箱抢先配备956和962赛车，以及SportS1拉力赛车，并获得不俗战绩。但赛场与市场毕竟存在不小的差距，双离合器又花费了二十年降低成本和提升耐用度才成功实现商用。于2002年为R32（第四代，PQ34平台，2003款）配备（Direct-Shift Gearbox）双离合器变速箱，这是双离合器变速箱首次配备量产车。与传统自动变速箱相比，大众的这台DSG省去了液力变矩器和行星齿轮组，取而代之的事湿式双离合器和简单的斜齿轮。随后，成为DCT普及速度最快，应用最为广泛的汽车制造商，从A0级小车Polo到全球最强悍的超级都有配备。双离合器是一个非常紧凑而精密的部件，也是DCT的核心，外部稍大一些的离合器负责奇数档的动力接合和中断，内部稍小一些的离合器负责偶数档的动力接合和中断。两个离合器的分离和接合同时进行，因此传递到轮的动力几乎不会出现中断。当奇数档离合器分离的同时，接合偶数档离合器，反之亦然。控制电脑根据转速、车速和节气门开度等信息对档位进行预判，例如在二档加速时，三档已进入预备状态，从二档切换到三档的过程只是偶数档离合器分离和奇数档离合器接合的过程，并且两个动作同时间进行。因此DCT的换挡速度通常来说相比仅有一个离合器的变速箱（结构基于手动变速箱，用于高性能和跑车）更快。双离合器变速箱的特点优点：1. 相比传统行星齿轮式自动变速箱更利于提升燃油经济性，油耗大约能够降低15%2. 在换挡过程中，几乎没有损失3. 在高档齿轮已处于配备状态时，升档速度极快，达到惊人的8毫秒4. 无论油门或者运转模式处于何种状况，换挡时间至少能达到600毫秒（从