智能建筑英文文献王凯

1、The Intelligent BuildingOne of the ben efits of the rapid evoluti on of in formatio n tech no logy has bee n the developme nt of systems that can measure, evaluate, and resp ond to change n enhan ced ability to con trol cha nge has sparked developme nts in the way we desig n our physical environment

2、, in particular, the buildings in which we work。As a result, we are wit ness ing sig nifica nt growth in the area of In tellige nt Buildi ngs-buildi ngs that in corporate in formatio n tech no logy and com muni cati on systems, maki ng them more comfortable, secure, productive, and cost-effectiveWha

3、t is an Intelligent Building?There have been a myriad of academic and technical literature discussing the defi niti on of in tellige nt build in gs. Accord ing to the research con ducted by Wigg inton and Harris , there exist over 30 separate definitions of intelligenee in relation to build ing. Ear

4、ly defi niti ons of in tellige nt buildi ng focused almost en tirely cen tered on tech no logy aspect and did not suggest user in teracti on at all. Cardin (1983, cited in Ref. ) defi ned in tellige nt build ing as ,one which has fully automated build ing service control systems?.The Intelligent Bui

5、lding Institution in Washington (1988, cited in Refs. ) defined intelligent building as ,one which integrates various systems to effectively man age resources in a coord in ated mode to maximize: tech ni cal performa nee, inv estme nt and operat ing cost sav in gs, flexibility?.The purely tech no lo

6、gical defi niti on of in tellige nt buildi ng has bee n criticized by many researchers. For example, DEGW in mid-1980s found that build ings which were un able to cope with cha nges in the orga ni zati ons that occupy them, or in the in formatio n tech no logy that they use, would become prematurely

7、 obsolete or require substa ntial refurbishme nt or demolitio n. Authors such as Robatha n Loveday etal. Preiser and Schramm and Wigg inton and Harris suggested that in tellige nt build ings must resp ond to user requireme nts. Accordi ng to Cleme nts-Croome , there has bee n grow ing aware ness tha

8、t the services systems and work process man ageme nt of a build ing have close relati on ships with the well-be ing of huma n. The build ing en vir onment affects the wellbe ing and comfort of huma n in the workplace, and in turn it in flue nces huma n?s productivity, morale and satisfact ion. Some

9、authosuggested the intelligent building accentuates a multidisciplinary effort to integrate and optimize the buildi ng structures, systems, services and man ageme nt in order to create a productive, cost effective and en vir onmen tally approved en vir onment for the building occupants.Most rece ntl

10、y, a nu mber of authors have exte nded the defi niti on of in tellige nt building and have added learning ability and performanee adjustment from its occupa ncy and the en vir onment? in the defi niti on. They proposed in telligertb uild ing is not on ly able to react and cha nge accord in gly to in

11、 dividual, orga ni zati onal and en vir onmen tal requireme nt, but is also capable of lear ning and adjusti ng performa nee from its occupa ncy and the en vir onment.On the other han d, it appears that differe nt in tellige nt buildi ng professi onal bodies also have differe nt un dersta nding of i

12、n tellige nt build ing. So et al. poin ted out both the in tellige nt buildi ng in stitutes in the Un ited States and the Un ited Kin gdom have incon siste nt in terpretatio n of buildi ng in tellige nee. The In tellige nt Build ing In stitute of the Un ited States defi nes an in tellige nt build in

13、g as ,one which provides a productive and cost-effective en vir onment through optimizati on of its four basic eleme nts in cludi ng structures, systems, services and man ageme nt and the in terrelati on ships betwee n them? .In con trast, the UK)ased Europea n In tellige nt Buildi ng Group defi nes

14、 an in tellige nt buildi ng as ,one that creates an en vir onment which maximizes the effective ness of the build in g?s occupa nts, Wle at the same time en abli ng efficie nt man ageme nt of resources with mi nimum life-time costs of hardware and facilities? . The differe nee in dicates the UK defi

15、 niti on is more focused on users? requireme nts, while the US defi niti on is more concen trated ondfeno logies. In addition so et al. argued that ,intelligent buildings are not intelligent by themselves, but they can fur nish the occupa nts with more in tellige nee and en able them to work more ef

16、ficie ntly?. Moreover, most existi ng defi niti ons of in tellige nt build ings are ,either too vague to be useful guida nee for detailed desig n which either places an un bala need focus on tech no logies only or do not fit that culture of Asia?.The n eed of a precise in tellige nt build ing defi n

17、iti on is critical as ,without a correct defi niti on, new buildi ng will not be optimally desig ned to meet the n ext een tury? .In resp onse to this, So et al. suggested a two-level strategy to formulate an appropriate intelligent building definition. The first level comprises nine Quality Envir o

18、nment Modules (QEM)? (M1 9) and the seco nd level in cludes three areas of key eleme nts which are fun cti onal requireme nts, fun cti onal spaces and tech no logies. Chow proposed the inclusion of additional modules (M10) as supplement to the existing nine modules in order to deal with the health i

19、ssues for buildings.An In tellige nt Buildi ng is one equipped with the telecom muni cati ons in frastructure that enables it to continuously respond and adapt to changing conditions, allowing for a more efficie nt use of resources and in creas ing the comfort and security of its occupa nts An In te

20、llige nt Build ing provides these ben efits through automated con trol systems such as: heat ing, ven tilati on, and air-c on diti oning (HVAC) fire safety; security; and energy/lighting management For example, in the case of a fire, the fire alarm com muni cates with the security system to uni ock

21、the doors The security system com muni cates with the HVAC system to regulate the flow of air to preve nt the fire from spread ing。What benefits do Intelligent Buildings offer their owners and occupants?The in troductio n in the workplace of computers prin ters photocopiers, and fax mach ines has in

22、 creased in door pollution Electrical and telecom muni cati ons facilities in office buildi ngs are un der pressure to satisfy the dema nds created by the rapid growth of computer and n etwork ing tech no logies These factors have a defi nite impact on productivity. New tech no logy can be used to c

23、reate In tellige nt Buildi ngs that address these problems by providing a healthier, more productive, and less en ergy-i nten sive work en vir onmen。As these are critical factors for bus in ess success, owners of Intelligent Buildings have a clear advantage in attracting and retaining 21st-ce ntury

24、tenantsHow do Intelligent Buildings lead to cost savings?The In tellige nt Buildi ng con cept recog ni zes that the true cost of a build ing is not simply its cost of con struct ion; it must contain the costs of operate and maintenance over the structures life span By optimizati ng automated con tro

25、l, com muni catio n, and man ageme nt systems, In tellige nt Buildi ngs cost has reduced in all of these areas They also guard aga inst the in creas ing of repairi ng costs, productivity loss, reve nue loss, and the loss of customersCan an Intelligent Building infrastructure be installed in existing

26、 buildings?Yes。 The key competency of transformating conventional buildings into intelligent ones is installing single structured cabling network Standard buildings featured in using differe nt kinds of desig ns and admi nistrati on methods from system to system The additi onal facility of con struc

27、ti on structured turns a conven ti onal buildi ng into an in tellige nt one which can provide with in creased efficie ncy and guard ing it aga inst system breakdow nsWhy do Intelligent Buildings increasingly become a part of business imperative?Because they con tribute to the bus in ess requireme nt

28、s as follows:To com muni cate data quickly and reliablyTo exercise greater con trol over the work en vir onmentTo improve productivity and cost-effective nessIn resp onse to these n eeds, it offers its Bus in ess Soluti on of in tellige nt wiri ngIntelligent buildings design and construction managem

29、ent systemsThe field of In tellige nt Build in gs, In tellige nt Homes, Build ing Man ageme nt Systems (BMS) en compass an eno rmous variety of tech no logies, across commercial, i ndustrial, in stituti onal and domestic build ings which in cludi ng en ergy man ageme nt systems and building controls

30、。The function of Building Management Systems is central to In tellige nt Build in gs con cepts； its purpose is to mon itor the fun cti on of build ing such as lighting, heating, security, CCTV and alarm systems access controj audio-visual and en terta inment systems ven tilati on filtrati on and cli

31、mate con trol etc eve n time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and availability) The pote ntial withi n these con cepts and the surr ounding tech no logy is vast and our live are cha nging from the effects of In tellige nt Build ings developme nts on our liv ing and worki ng

32、 en vir onmen ts。The orig ins of In tellige nt Buildi ngs and Buildi ng Man ageme nt Systems have roots in the in dustrial sector in the 1970s, from the systems and con trols used to automate product ion processes and to optimise pla nt performa ncesThe con cepts and applicati ons were the n adapted

33、, developed and modularised duri ng the 1980s Intelligent buildings - control systemThe esse nee of Build ing Man ageme nt Systems lies in the In tellige nt Build ings and con trol tech no logies, which allows in tegrati on, automati on, optimis ing services and equipme nt provide services and manag

34、ing en vir onm ent The esse nee of In tellige nt Man ageme nt Systems lies in Programmable Logic Con trollers (PLC) which formed the orig inal basis of the con trol tech no logies Later the developme nts of commercial and reside ntial applicati ons were based on-in tedgetetmiicroprocessorsTaking adv

35、a ntage of these tech no logies allows to use various Internet con struct ion and services, which ofte n sig nifica ntly reduces cost and saves en ergyHeating - time-based controlTemperature control: when external temperature reaches a set level C), run heati ng system pumps to protect the system fr

36、om freez ing or frost.Compensated systems: It will heat temperature to control the electricity when the temperature drops and this will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature.Thermostatic radiator valves: the thermodetector of which installing in the same room can cha nge the radiator radiates

37、accord in gly to the releva nt flow.Proportional control: including auto-switching equipment and auto-output adjusting.Lighting control methodsZon es: In order to avoid only a small parts of lights can be used in a large area, lights are switched on corresp onding to the use and layout of the lit ar

38、eas.Time con trol: to switch on and off automatically in each zone at times to a preset schedule for light usaPassive In fra-Red (PIR) Occupa ncy sensing: In areas which are occupiedin termitte ntly, occupa ncy sen sors can be used to in dicate whether or not an ybody is prese nt and con trol the sw

39、itch of lights accordi nglyBuilding management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savingsUn til rece nt years, en ergy efficie ncy has bee n used at a relatively low priority and buildi ng owners and inv estors pay little atte nti on to it。 However, with the dramatic in crease of en ergy use

40、 and decrease of en ergy capacity, the con cept of en ergy cost-efficie ncy has already soon became the importa nt strategy of estate man ageme nt, facilities man ageme nt and also has being involving into the con struct ion.For lighti ng, en ergy sav ings can be up to 75% of the orig inal circuit l

41、oad, which represe nts 5% of the total en ergy con sumpti on of the reside ntial and commercial sectorsExperie nces from studies in Austria suggest pote ntial heati ng and cooli ng en ergy savings are up to 30% in public buildings Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have

42、bee n those with particularly high en ergy usage, the figure is an impressive oneBuilding management systems and intelligent buildings - environmental and greenhouse gas benefitsGree nhouse gas emissi on reducti ons depe nd on and correlate to reducti ons in en ergy useIn tellige nt Buildi ngs and B

43、uildi ng Man ageme nt Systems tech no logies con tribute directly to the reduct ion in en ergy use, in commercial, i ndustrial, i nstitutio nal and domestic reside ntial sectorsIn short, In tellige nt Build ings and suitably applied Build ing Man ageme nt Systems are good for the en vir onment。Legis

44、lation and environmentai standards health and safety regulation and global trends towards impro ving in door air quality sta ndards are all sig nifica nt drivers of - and provide a continu ous en dorseme nt of the n eed for - Build ing Man ageme nt Systems and the In tellige nt Build ings tech no lo

45、giesGover nment In itiatives around the world are also driv ing the developme nt and adopti on of Buildi ng Man ageme nt Systems tech no logiesFor example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhan ced Capital Allowa nee (ECA) to be offset aga inst taxati on on en ergy efficie nt systems, which en ables sav i

46、ngs of around 30% for all en ergy-related Buildi ng Man ageme nt Systems and In tellige nt Build ings equipme nt, and the associated in stallati on and desig n costsBuilding management systems and intelligent buildings - market trendsIn Britain, through the establishment and control of the main high

47、-tech fully into the new decoration industry, in recent years, the British buildings market to set up the new man ageme nt system, make sig ni fica nt cha nges inno vati on.Heati ng system 70%Hot water con trol system 90%Air con diti oning con trol system 80%。But accord ing to the Europea n commissi

48、 on statistics, as many as 90% of existi ng build ings have not adapt or inv alid con trol system, many n eed a thorough overhaul. The in tellige nee con structi on has become a real estate developersa nd owners hot spot, 24 hour visible entrance guard, l on g-dista nee meter read ing billi ng, all

49、kinds of com mun ity service projects and convenient video on dema nd, on the web for village residents offered many life convenient. But the intelligenee construction is a complex tech no logy applicati on project, as a com munity in tellige nt of the impleme ntati on of the releva nt departme nts,

50、 n eed to pay atte nti on, be ware of new con struct ion erron eous zone.1、Beware of haste to build, lack of careful planning.。Intelligent general by broadba nd n etwork and several related the sub-project to realist, lo ng-dista nee meter reading billing, security monitoring, all kinds of alarm sys

51、tems, Internet browsing, etc are to be in cluded in the operatio n of the reside ntial broadba nd n etwork category .In software, needs to have the special application scheme for the development of com mun ity n etwork in formatio n man ageme nt system. The author thinks that although all sorts of r

52、eleva nt products have bee n listed, in dividual products have already become more and more mature, but quite part of products in the technical specificati ons of the lack of uniform sta ndard, in tegrated broadba nd and in tellige nee of con diti ons rema in to be mature. Many reside nts of the vil

53、lage persuaded by manu facturers in stall visible in terpho ne today, assemble with Ion g-dista nee meter reading tomorrow , this phenomenon do not only cause with various circuitry within the cross, repeat con structi on, and in depe ndent running each manu facturer equipme nt to realize in tellige

54、 nt orig inal in ten ti on in the buildi ng area of . Certai nly, this is not to say that the curre nt impleme ntati on cant in tellige nt, but the broadba nd n etwork lying, LAN and the equipme nt can be brought into operati on should be of broadba nd in un der the guida nee of experts.2、Beware of

55、broadba nd bus in ess trap. As broadba nd gradually popular, a group of specialized bus in ess broadba nd bus in ess compa ny arises at the historic mome nt. They freque ntly to property district promised to put into tens of thousa nds of fun ds; the plot offers one or two houses and other intelligent construction undertaken by broadba nd bus