完整版新编语用学教程课后答案20200930184544

1、In troductio n check your un dersta nding1. f Syn tax and sema ntics each have their own stre ngths.2. f Pragmatics is also in terested in how Ian guage use affects the Ian guage system.3. t4. f5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1) Yes, he s coming. Yes. No, he isn t comi ng(3) His kno wledge about wheth

2、er Pat likes cog nitive lin guistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as aninanimate object can t play a human being (John).c. It is a case oftautology that conv eys no new in formati on.d. “Idea ” doesn t have color and can t sleep since it

3、 is inanimate. The whole sentence doesn t make sense.(2) a. it can be used for com muni cati on in a con text where Joh n shares somepers on ality with Hitler.b. whe n Joh n is a poor player of golf.c. in a con text where a certa in boy has done someth ing wrong (out of n aught in ess).(3) whe n the

4、 sentence is used in poetry to pers on alize the word idea.2. (1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. I n the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to change infantdiapers.3. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his

5、 complaint that the couple are talking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to“ my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation, it

6、 is normal that hear a word“(tIh”us cthaen t couple can continue their talk).4. (1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。5. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it can make the custom

7、er s wife jealous. The“ French toast ” probably means a type ofspecialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里？吃饭了没？E: How are you?How s everything going?6. (1) He means he doesn t speak French.(2) Russian majors don speaktFrench.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.7. (1) a. He uses“

8、that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letter isbeing referred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping? Wang: It s not my fault, is it?Li: Yes

9、.Native speaker: Hi, you look good.Zhang: Not good, not good at all.Exercises Task3.1. whe n we get some one to do someth ing, we tend tmini mize the effort to beinvo Ived, but whe n we compla in we tend to exaggerate the compla int. People want to be polite by mitigati ng(缓解,减轻，平静)the impositi on,

10、which is face-threate ning.2. The first imperative is a gen eral grammatical form, but the sec ond, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the additi on of will you3. (in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.(duri ng the after noon tea)Boss: How i

11、s your dad, Tom?Clerk: He s fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the win dow because he was en gaged with (? ) in someth ing else in other places.5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye,Holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conven ti ons and in that way

12、 shows his rebelli on.6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguisticin formati on (ph on etics, phono logy, morphology, and syn tax of En glish) but also pragmatic in formatio n (appropriate use of En glish in dyn amic con text). For in sta nee, how we can use the quest

13、ion tag反了？ tag questions to sound more tentative and be polite.Unit 1Check your understanding1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage.2. f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.3. f4. f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee s c

14、ooperation.5. t declarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.In-Class Activities1.(1) If you ve ever said“I promise ” oractions by the simple act of saying them. ButI apoleorgfoizremed”th,oysoeu have pI know ” and “ I believe” are(2) a.

15、 I wish you a great success.I admit I m wrong.b. I misunderstand your point.I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when we say 我在这里“向你道歉 ”，we are performing the act of apologizing.(?)2. (1) “ A full apology ” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like“ We apologize to the Chinese

16、government and the Chinese people” . Indeed, “ sorrnot a performative verb.(2) To some extent,“ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2) He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.

17、4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“ Today is not a free admission dayillocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“ Thank you for your generous do

18、nationand your support ”.illocutionary act: it implicitly urges people to donate. perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a Admission fee required todayb We expect your generous donation and your supportThe first is chosen to beless imposing. The second is chosen toattract people s donat

19、ion.5.(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertisement from s(a) hotel whose name happens to be “ Jurys ”.(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers.ExercisesTask 31.a. constative? locution:“ No smoking in this area ” . Illocution: Forbidding peoplefrom smoking here. Pe

20、rlocution: People do not smoke here.b. constative. Locution:“Ticket passengers only ” .Illocution: Asking passengers tobuy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets toen ter the museum.c. constative. Locution:“Token vending machine” . Illocution: pnibslrcnofg th

21、ethe fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution: People buy tokens through this mach ine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that con statives can in deed be regarded as implicit ways of doing thi ngs. Thus, all uttera nces are “ performative ” in esse nee.Yes, I agree. Sup

22、pose A said to B“ it s stuffy here ” . The actual effect may be that /un derstood to becompla ining, but the inten ded effect is that some one shouldpe n the win dow or the door and it may bring B to perform the act in stead of lett ing him just listen to A s complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, an d(3)a are pe

23、rformative uttera nces and can sta nd the test“ herelHowever, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b,c,“ know” , “ think ” , “ amuse and “ flatteperformative verbs. In (3)b, the third pers on subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tenseis used.4. Both verdictives and exertives invo lve a dem on strati on of powers,

24、rights, orin flue nee. However, verdictives have theillocuti onary force of issu ing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or aga inst a certa in course of action, or advocacy of it.5. These uttera nces are n ettue or false that is,

25、not truth-evaluable. The utteri ng of them on formal occasions is or is part of thedoing of a certain kind of action, theperformanee of which, again, would not normally be described as just“saying ” o“ describi ng somethi ng (cf. Austin 1962, 5).e. g.“ This meet ing is now adjour ned.”The court is n

26、ow in sessi on.“ This church is hereby dsanctified. ” 批准，认可,使合法化Unit2Check your un dersta nding1. f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2. f The hearer is held responsible.3. f4. t5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) No, they are essentially directives.(2) “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。 ”“ We ll be very

27、grateful for your presence.”(3) Because they expect other people compliances instead of refusals. One feels indebted感激的,受惠的, 蒙恩的 if one does not comply with the request.2.(1) Commissives(2) Yes. The second promise is achievedwith a condition which may turn the promise(a commissive) into a requiremen

28、t (a directive).3.(1) No. Utterance a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that the speakcearnnot xcontrol. Utterance c describes somethingin the pastrather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that thehearerrather than the speaker will do in the

29、future. Utterance e has a third person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past.(2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speaker has done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making

30、the apology; c. preparatory conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Zhang: 这件事你不应这样处理的。Li: 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。 where the speaker is not sincere4.(1) The customer when he says there is a

31、fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint).(2) Because saying that can normallyattract the waiters aatntednthioenwaiterknows what to do in acontext like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save ouor r others face.(3) Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customers words, the waiter may n

32、ot take itseriously (if he is not joking).5.(1) The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jack s rmefoursearleadily.Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water.b. Denying people the right to park

33、here.The “irrelevant ” information is used to enhance the chances of successfully performing the directive acts.ExercisesTask3.1.a. Aust in was a lead ing exp onent of an alytica l or Ordi nary Lan guage philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for th

34、e moder n study of speech actsdeveloped subseque ntly. He was the in itiator of the speech act theory. He drew the disti nctio n betwee n con stative uttera nces and performative uttera nces, although he latter discarded the dist in ctio n. He in troduced the trichotomy of locuti onary act, illocuti

35、 onary act and perlocutio nary act.Joh n Searle is widely no ted for his con tributi ons to thqohilosophy of Ian guage philosophy of mind and social philosophy. Searlehas in troduced the no ti on of indirect speech act He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developed the theory into a gen er

36、al theory about huma n com muni cati on.b. Speech act seque nee; resp on sive acts.2.No. Threate ning seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act.Ope n.3. Lear n how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.4. Depe nds on whether thes in cerity con

37、diti on is violated or not.5.a. declaration b. representative c. representative d. directive e. expressive f. commissive g. directive h. commissive i. declaration6.“ Excuse me ” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing;。m

38、ething, when the speaker s interruptionis not expected. However,“sorry ” is used in a different situation, and its preparatorycon diti on is that the speaker has made a mistake.7.Effective ness: abcd other things being equal Polite ness: abcd other things being equal8.a. It runs coun ter to the prep

39、aratory con diti on that the door must be closed at the mome nt.b. It goes against the sincerity condition. It is felicitous as an act of thankingc. It goes aga inst the preparatory con diti on that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearer s disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is n

40、ot.Unit 3Check your un dersta nding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1(1) a. direct answer about his father s professionb. His father can help.c. His father cannot help.(2) A: Your father must be very great.B: He is a lawyer.A: Does your father earn a lot of moneyB: He is a lawyer.2.(1) Both of

41、 them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.(2) An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent ocnonversational context, and can beconventional or unconventiona.l But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3) “ Fox” can connote cunningness. When

42、we say“ he is a fox” in response todo you think of Jack? ” , we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.3.(1) Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only one brother.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used i

43、n different contexts. No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother; indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents. B: Jack has a brother.4.(1) cancelability or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words “ not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time.5.

44、(1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment.(3) a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods.b. You can win here. /Play here.6.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearers understanding of the speakers utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect.B: I

45、agree. Hes the cleverest person Ive ever seen.A: But I dont mean he is really clever in that aspect.(3) a. Hearers and speakers background knowledge may be different.b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different.ExercisesTask31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. T

46、oday I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy.B: Yes.A: Are you happy?B: Yes. Quite, quite.There are other possibilities. E.g. Speakers mealness than what they say.A: Are you happy.B: Yes. I am the happiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount

47、to the same thing as meaning. By saying one thing a speaker might mean another thing entirely. There is a sense of saying on which you cant say anything without meaning something.4.A: She is a charming lady. I mean only when she smiles.By saying the first sentence, A may imply he is attracted by the

48、 lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature.5. No.Yes.a. Jack: Lets go out drinking tonight.Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is coming)b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics?Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a

49、 generalized implicature. It is comparatively easy to add a sentence to a tcoancel the implicature, but in b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. Whats more, particularized implicatures aremore unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy.6.a.

50、 conventional (theres no need for context information) One cannot use the door before 6 p.m. ( “ before ”)b. Conventional No free refills for non- same visit ( “ only ”)One may say no, though. Con versati onal implicature is con text depe ndent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different peo

51、ple may get different implicatures even in the same con text and differe nt con texts may gen erate differe nt implicatures as well.8.A. whe n people talk ing about boys qualities.B. When people are talki ng about boys ability to do mathematics.9.Conv ersati onal implicatures are sen sitive to con t

52、ext an (depe ndent on the observa nee of Cooperative Principle while flouting a particular maxim. People may arrive at differe nt conv ersatio nal implicature for the same uttera nee. The con clusi ons arrived at by syllogism are con text free and people get thesame con clusi onbe means of reas onin

53、gUnit 4Check your un dersta nding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) Both metaphors and irony go against the maxim oquality that requires the speaker to be truthful. A metaphor invo Ives say ing that one thi ng isino ther and an irony con sists in the expressi on obn es mea ning by using Ia

54、n guage that no rmally sig nifies the opposite.“It s not too t(2) Un derstateme nt (expressi on is used tha n what would be expected; hyperbole (“fHave n t see n youages ) is Oigure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of qual

55、ity.2.(1) Yes, the maxim of manneris exploited. Mr. Bennet implicates that he will let his wife tell him who has taken the house. Also, the maxim of quantity is violated when Ms. Bennet respondsto her husband s question “Is he married or single?(2) By saying I have no objection to hearing it, Mr. Be

56、nnet means that his wife has the freedom to supply the information in front of him, which in turn means he agrees to listen to his wife although he is not enthusiastic about it.(3) The author implies that Mrs. Bennet is very en thusiastic to tell other people things eve n at a small hint of agreeme

57、nt.3.(1) One may be only superficially relevant in terms of the literal meaning; one can also be interactionally relevant in terms of the illocutionary goal.(2) Yes, it may run into similar trouble. It is difficult to define be brief, obscurity of expression, and be orderly. Brevity and orderliness are matters of degree.4.(1) a. quality b. quantity c. relation d. manner(2) Quality E.g.: I am not so sure, but. C: 事情可能是这样的。QuantityIt s going to be a long st