定语从句2016

1、形容词性从句-定语从句Attributive Clause用来修饰名词、代词、句子等，在句中的作用相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句。一、定语从句的定义：定语从句在句中做定语，在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被修饰的名词,词组或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which，as等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系词有两个作用：1.引导定语从句。2.代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。理解和牢记这两条概念，弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分，是掌握定

2、语从句的关键。The girl is Mary. The girl is standing there. 合并为=The girl who is standing there is Mary. 先行词 关系词 定语从句 二、定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种：限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用，一般不可缺少，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。非限制性定语从句起补充、附带说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限）The house, which w

3、e bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。三、限制性定语从句中关系词的选择：1）.首先分清主句和定语从句 2）.确定定语从句的先行词3）.把先行词带回到定语从句中去,看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语,宾语,定语或状语）4）.若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选择关系代词,若在从句中做状语,则选择关系副词. 关系代词 1. 关系代词在句中作主语：一般规则是：先行词是人的名词或代词时，一般情况下是既可用who也可用that,不过在实践中在两种答案都有的情况下，优先选择who跟在人后引导定语从句的。先行词是事物的名词或代词时用whic

4、h / that .大多用that较少用which，尤其在口语中如此。1.The man is a worker. 2.The man（作主语）is speaking at the meeting.合并为= The man _ is speaking at the meeting is a worker. 1.This is a truck. 2.The truck is made in China. 合并为= This is a truck_ is made in China.2. 关系代词在句中作宾语: 正式语体分别用whom指人,which指物。非正式语体用who / that指人,th

5、at指物。关系代词在句中作宾语一般可以省略The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.=分解：The woman is a teacher. They wanted to visit the woman. (作宾语)I like the book (which / that) you bought yesterday.Where is the man whom/ who/ that/可省略 I saw this morning?Where is the book which/that/可省略I bought this morning?2 关

6、系代词在句中作介词的补足成分（即介词的宾语）1). 当介词放在关系代词前时，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人。且关系代词一律不能省略。 如：I want to find the pen with which I wrote that letter.Li Hua is a man for whom I have the greatest respect. This is the house in which I have ever lived.2).介词在末尾时，可用that/whom（代人），that/which（代物）做介词的宾语，且这个介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。 如：They

7、are the boys whom/who/that/可省略I want to school with.The library that / which /可省略you are referring to is now closed.注意：以下几个词组介词不能前置look for ,look after, look forward to ,take care of在选择关系词时依然用whom/ who /that指人which /that 指物，或that可省。如：Is this the knife which /that/可省you are looking for?These children

8、 whom/who/that /可省 you will take care of are girls.Exercises:1. The novel_ was read by you belongs to me.2. She is a beautiful girl _ I have ever seen.3. He is the man _ you can depend.4. The comrade _you spoke to is a model worker.5. This is the dictionary _I paid for 5 dollars.6. This is the dicti

9、onary _I am looking for.7. He is the baby _ you will take care of.3.关系代词在句中作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语，其先行词既可指“人”也可指“物”.意为”(先行词)的whose在从句中作定语，修饰其后的名词。即“whose +名词”1. I know the girl. 2. The girls mother is a teacher.=I know the girl whose mother is a teacher. 3. He lives in the room. 4.The rooms window op

10、ens to the south.=He lives in the room whose window opens to the south. 注：除掌握上述基本用法外，还须注意以下几点：1.)不可用物主代词my、your、his、her、its、our、their来引导该定语从句。尽管意义上whose确定含有这样的意思。2.) “whose +名词”=“the+名词+of+whom(指人) ” = “the+名词+of+which(指物)”He has written a book whose name Ive completely forgotten. =He has written a

11、book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.=He has written a book of which the name Ive completely forgotten.Ill talk to those children whose homework =the homework of whom =of whom the homework hasnt been handed in. Exercises:1.To our surprise, the girl_English is not very good can sing Englis

12、h songs so beautiful. A.whose B.who C.which D.whom2. The gentleman,_ daughter I worked,looked down upon women. A.whose B.with whom C.with whose D.in whose3. He is from Shanghai,_population is the largest of all big cities in China.A.whose B.its C.where D.which4. The man_coat is black is waiting at t

13、he gate. A.who B.whose C.that D.of which5. The girl_you saw in the street is Mary. A.that B. whose C.which D.as6. Do you know the girl_necklace has been stolen? A.her B.which C.that D.whose7. Do you know the boy,the dictionary of_was lent to you. A.his B.which C.whom D.whose8. The notebook_cover is

14、red is mine. A.who B which C.whose D.that9. This is a very boy_parents were killed in the wall.A.who B.that C.whose D.whom4.在限制性定语从句中关系代词的其他用法： 1）.用that而不用which(指物)/who(m)(指人)先行词为不定代词something, everything, anything, nothing, none ,all, few, little, much, any时或者被all, little ,few, much, any, every, no

15、, 等。We should do all that is useful to the people. All that can be done has been done. Theres nothing that can be said about it. 注：something后还可以用which。E.g.：Tell me something (that /which) you know.先行词被the only, the very, the same ,the last / next ,the one等词修饰时。The only thing that we could do was to

16、wait. Thats the very word that is wrongly used.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday? The last place(that)we visited was the chemical works.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. *This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时

17、。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the best that can be done now.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不

18、适合，这时宜用that. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.先行词为数词时. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.如果有两个从句，其中一个

19、关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。 Which is the book that you like best? Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. There is still a seat in the

20、 corner that is still free.被修饰成分为表语时,或关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that . My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to be.习惯上不用that引导的定语从句(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided.昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。(2)直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导,要用whom,whose或which,且不能省略。The house in which

21、we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。但当介词放在从句的末尾时,可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, people 等时,多用 who。Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时I was th

22、e only person in my office who was invited. Exercises:1. I was the only person in my office _was invited. A. who B. which C. to that D. to whom2. Everything _we saw was of great interest to us. A.which B.that C.what D.some3.There is little_the enemy can do besides surrender.(投降) A that B which C suc

23、h D so4. We talked of things and persons_we remembered in the school days. A which B who C. that 5. This is the best film _I have ever seen.A that B which C whose Dwho 6. Who is the girl _is talking with Wang Fang.A. which B.who C.whose D.that 7. Who is the person _is living in this room. A.that B.w

24、ho C.whom D./8. Were talking about the piano and the pianist_were in the concert and attended last night. A. which B. whom C .who D. that9. Is there anything _to you. A. that is belonged B .that belongs C. which belongs D. which is belonged10. Its the third time_ _you arrived late this month. A.that

25、 B.when C.which D.who11. The only language_is easy for me to learn is chinese. A.which B.whose C.that D.it12. Who is the boy_is speaking there. A.whom B.which C.that D.who 13. This is the very book_I badly need. A.to which B.that C.which D.what14. I found little_ he didnt know about history. A.what

26、B.whose C.that D.which 15. Youre the only person_can help me. A.that B.whom C.who D.which 16. He asks for the latest book_there is on the subject. A.which B.who C.that D.whom 2）宜用which而不用that的情况（1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介词时（3）当先行词本身是that时（4）当关系词离先行词较远时3)关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词（1）当主句是there be句型时，

27、关系词用who。（2）先行词是为he, they, those, anyone, someone, everyone,等词时，关系词用who。（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?（4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。5.关系代词as的用法： as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或状语，构成the sameas, suchas等结构。例如：I like the same book as you do.(as作宾语） I shall do it i

28、n the same way as you did.（as作状语）I want to have such a dictionary as he has.(as作宾语）；注：the sameas(指不同的人和物) the samethat(指相同的人和物)This is the same book as I lent you yesterday. (是2本书)This is the same book that I lent you yesterday. (是同一本书)as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前也可放在句中句末。例如：

29、 As we all know, he studies very hard.（as代表整个句子，作宾语）As is known to all,he is the best student in our class.（as代表整个句子，作主语）He is often late, as /which is known to all. (定从)=It is known to all that he is often late.(it句型)As we all know, Taiwan belongs to China. =As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to Ch

30、ina.= Taiwan belongs to China, as /which we all know.= Taiwan, as /which we all know, belongs to China. 常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above,as is known to all, as it is, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。Dont read such books as you dont understand.Ill b

31、uy the same dictionary as you have. I want to read such a book as you read.Exercises:1. I am at least _age _Robert if I am not older than he.A. the same; as B. the same; with C. as same; as D. as same; with2. China is a developing country_we all know. A. as B. for C. since D. because3._is known to a

32、ll, China will be an _and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A. That, advancing B. This, advanced C. As, advanced D. It advancing4. Learning English is such an excellent newspaper_so many students and teachers liked to read. A. as B. which C. like D. that 关系副词 由when,where,why引导的定语从句：关系副词在定语从句中不

33、可省略。 指代范围连接词成分时间when=适当介词+which（time）状语地点where=适当介词+which（place）状语原因why=for+which状语方式that=in+which（可省略）状语1. That is the day when =on which he went to college. = That is the day (which /that) he went to college on.2. This is the place where =in which he used to live. = This is the place (which/that)

34、he used to live in.3. I dont believe the reason why =for which he was late for school.= I dont believe the reason (which/ that) he was late for school for.4. I dont like the way (that =in which) he spoke to his mother. 注意：先行词是表示地点或时间时，有时用where或when，有时用that(which)引导定语从句，这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就

35、用that(which)，否则用where或when。常见的及物动词有：spend, visit, give常见的不及物动词有：work, live ,stay, study This is the house where he lived last year. I thought of the happy days when I stayed in Beijing.This is the house that(which)he visited last year. I dont believe the reason (which /that) he gave meI have never f

36、orgotten the day which we spent together.That is the day which /that must be remembered by us. Exercises:1. This is the factory_we worked last month. A.that B.which C.where D.there2. This is the factory_we visited last month. A.that B.in which C.where D.there3. Is this museum_we paid a visit to last

37、 year? A.that B.where C.the one D.which4. Is this the museum_we paid a visit to last year? A. that B.where C.the one D.which5. Can you tell me the name of the factory_you visited last week? A.what B.in where C./ D.when6. I dont like_you speak to her. A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the

38、 way of which7. I shall never forget these years_I lived in the country with the famers. A.that B.when C.which D./8. I dont knowthe reason_you were absent from the meeting, but Im sure that someone will tell me the reason_you havet told me. A.why; that B.that; why C.because ; which D.of which; what四

39、、在非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法大体相同，除了：1.关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。2.在非限制性定语从句中，名词代词+of+ whichwhom表示整体与部分的关系。E.g.: Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.（对）Toms father, that arrived just now, is a famous scientist. ( 错)The workers, some of whom stayed for four years, came

40、from different countries.五、定语从句还需注意主语和谓语一致:1、关系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如：The boy who is standing at the door is my son.2、在one of the +复数名词+定语从句结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。例如：This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.3、在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，on

41、e 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。例如：This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.定语从句专练1. Do you know the man _is talking with your father？A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim？ A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This is the best hotel

42、in the city _I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day？ A. that you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands.A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree6. My watch

43、is not the only thing _ is missing. A. that B. it C. which D. who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gate. A. whos B. whose C. that D. of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister.A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was9. I love places _the people are really friendly.

44、 A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter.A. in that we live B. on which we liveC. where we live in D. we live in11. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 12. Is this the factory_you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. i

45、n which D. the one 13. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A.that B.where C.which D. the one 14. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 15. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D.

46、 in that 16. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 17. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 18. The r

47、eason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 19. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 20. That tree, _branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 21. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 22.He failed in the examination,_ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 23. Were ta