第一讲：汉英语言文化对比及汉译英的原则

1、 Translation- theory & practice(II) The Introduction to the coursethe outline of the course introduction (language and thought and culture) sentence translation (structure) dicourse translation translation of educational works mostly from Chinese to EnglishHow shall we have the course? workshops ass

2、ignment from the teacher- work in groups - presentaion in class - teachers comment Rule 1, Every task should be accomplished by a group as a team. Rule 2, The group should report the division of the task, contribution of each members. Rule 3, Each work is assessed on the basis of a teams work langua

3、ge, thought, and culture Which detemines which? In Chinese, there is only a single term luotuo, In English there is camel. But in Arabic, there are more than 400 words for the animal. The Eskimo language has a large number of words involving snow: apun= “snow on the ground”, qanikca= “hard snow on t

4、he ground”, utak= “block of snow”. E. Sapir and B. Lee Whorf tell us that language system forms thought or is necessary for thought, and a particular language imposes particulr ideas of nature or of ones culture. This view is generally referred to as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis or Whorfian Hypothiesi

5、s. The first is called linguistic dterminism (the strong version ) The second part is called linguistic relativity (the weak version ) Language determines thought Linguistic structure determines cognitive structure. That is, learning a language changes the way a person thinks. speakers of different

6、languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background. The resulting cognitive systems are different in speakers of different languages. Whorf states that language is not only reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper

7、 of ideas Take the “rainbow” as example: the colour we perceive come from color-naming influence of the language. Some languages do not divide the colors into the same number of basic categories. A speaker of that language will not describe the rainbow in the same way as Engish speakers do. so, ther

8、e is a complex relationship between language and culture.Typical differences of the two languages 一、英语是综合语（一、英语是综合语（Synthetic)Synthetic)，汉语是分析语，汉语是分析语(Analytic)(Analytic)英语用形态变化表示语法关系，汉语用词序和虚词表示语法关系英语用形态变化表示语法关系，汉语用词序和虚词表示语法关系 二、英语句式呈二、英语句式呈“聚集型聚集型”(Compact)(Compact)，汉语句式呈，汉语句式呈“流散流散型型” (Diffusive)(

9、Diffusive) 三、英语造句多三、英语造句多“形合形合”( (HypotaxisHypotaxis) )，汉语造句多，汉语造句多“意意合合”(Parataxis)(Parataxis) 四、英语句子多繁复四、英语句子多繁复(Complex)(Complex)，汉语句子多简短，汉语句子多简短(Simplex)(Simplex) 五、英语常用物称五、英语常用物称(Impersonal)(Impersonal)，汉语常用人称，汉语常用人称(Personal)(Personal) 六、英语多被动句六、英语多被动句(Passive)(Passive)，汉语多主动句，汉语多主动句(Active)(A

10、ctive) 七、英语用词呈静态七、英语用词呈静态( (StativeStative) )，汉语用词呈动态，汉语用词呈动态(Dynamic)(Dynamic) 八、英语用词多抽象八、英语用词多抽象(Abstract)(Abstract)，汉语用词多具体，汉语用词多具体( (ConcConcr reteete) ) 九、英语表达多间接九、英语表达多间接(Indirect)(Indirect)，汉语表达多直接，汉语表达多直接(Direct)(Direct) 十、英语多替换十、英语多替换(Substitutive)(Substitutive)，汉语多重复，汉语多重复(Reiterative)(Rei

11、terative) 形合与意合是形合与意合是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别 英语英语：形合：形合Hypotaxis ，长句多，强调结构的完整性和形，长句多，强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明，依靠代词、介词、态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明，依靠代词、介词、连词建立骨架并将句子串起。连词建立骨架并将句子串起。 汉语汉语：意合：意合Parataxis （形散），强调内容和表意的完整（形散），强调内容和表意的完整性，常靠语意的逻辑将句子串起，连词介词都少于英语。性，常靠语意的逻辑将句子串起，连词介词都少于英语。 英译汉英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的

12、结构，形式，才时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；能确定句子的功能、意义； it seems essential that a translation represents an original text in another language, but the demand that it communicate the meaning of that original to the target audience runs into problems in secondary communication situations.（ the receptor audi

13、ence does not have the same, or even similar, background context） 汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式。全园绿化、果园面积近全园绿化、果园面积近20002000亩，湖面亩，湖面500500亩，以水为亩，以水为灵魂，充分利用生态资源和自然景观优势，结合人造景观，灵魂，充分利用生态资源和自然景观优势，结合人造景观，集全国珍稀花卉、植物、盆景、瓜果、蔬菜之大全，结合集全国珍稀花卉、植物、盆景、瓜果、蔬菜之大全，结合品种展示、观光休闲做成四大功能区：精品花卉大观园、品种展示、观光休闲做成四大功能区：精品花卉大

14、观园、瓜果采摘园、亲水休闲区、健身运动区。瓜果采摘园、亲水休闲区、健身运动区。 Culture：“中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走, 而西方是向准确而具体的方向走。中文的表达方式不够准确这一点, 假如在写法律是一个缺点的话, 写诗却是一个优点。”（杨振宁） Grammar：“中国语法是软的, 富有弹性。西洋语法是硬的, 没有弹性。”（王力，中国语言学家，诗人） Mode of thinking: “东方人和西方人的思想方式有基本分歧。东方人重综合、重归纳、重暗示、重含蓄；西方人则重分析, 细微曲折、挖掘惟恐不尽, 描写惟恐不周。”（傅雷） 汉译英, 即从一种“ 重暗示、重含蓄” 的语言到

15、一种“ 挖掘惟恐不尽, 描写惟恐不周”语言的过渡。这种过渡必然包含措辞由简入繁的必然变化。 There be 结构结构 (表示存在有的概念，表示存在有的概念，seem (appear) to be, seem, appear, stand, lie, get, become, arise, come) 例： a) 计算机有点毛病。 There is something wrong with the computer. b) 随着国民经济和国防事业的发展，对通信提出了新的要求。 As our national economy and national defense develop, there

16、 arises a new demand for communications. c) 从理论上讲，供应这么多水似乎不成问题。 In theory there seems to be no problem in supplying this amount of water. 译文必须符合英语的习惯表达（英语惯用法，避免中国式英语）： a. 百闻不如一见。 Seeing is believing. b. 宣传 propaganda（少用，多含负面成分）political propaganda；publicity多用，为中性词 c. 精神文明 spiritual civilization (含宗教色彩) ethical and cultural progress e. 我对他们都不喜欢。 I like none of them. f. 世界上绝没有你刚才所说的那么一本书。 There is no such a book as you mentioned just now. g. 我认