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1、聘奕拔盍跞念怅旧掌么几毕The Injection Molding室楞鼗渤登阅溧铰垦闲划塌1、The injection molding喱绮钳确膣旁寇返认缍暌百Injection molding is principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts,although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials.The problem of injection

2、a method plastic into a mold cavity from a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastic which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes.The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting.The process consists of

3、feeding a plastic compound in powered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.After a brief cooling period,the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected.Injection-molding machine operation.The advantage of injection molding are：（）a hi

4、gh molding speed adapter for mass production is possible；（）there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of useful properties；（）it is possible to mold threads,undercuts,side holes,and large thin section.虢剪苍网仆邱蕞条鼷沓孔分2、The injection-molding machine字奁吡微飕篱撺苇穰油度扈Several methods ar

5、e used to force or inject the melted plastic into the mold.The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw,as shown in Figure 2-1.The screw acts as a combination injection and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through thre

6、e zones as shown：feed,compression,and metering.After the feed zone,the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,force the plastic to compress.The work is converted to heat by conduction from the barrel surface.As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled,it forces the screw back,tripping a lim

7、it switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.An antiflowback valve presents plastic under pressure from escaping back into the screw flight.鹆阏铮荧菖槁胲憧鄱栅屎隼The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part o

8、f the size designation and is measured in tons.A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job.It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area.If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons

9、.贾墅蕾悟仞弧湾混鹰痘橇辎Many reciprocating-screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the mold and are ejected hot in the range of 375C410C.Thermosetting parts mus

10、t be allowed to cool in the mold in order or remove them without distortion. Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heated rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.眸碍垴真笄雍骡袂释镬謇辣3、Basic Underfeed Mould衷捍茚诉铠沧确碗北弄氪氪A simple mould of this type is shown in Figure3-1,and the d

11、escription of the design and the opening sequence follows.The mould consists of three basic parts,namely：the moving half,the floating cavity plate and the feed plate respectively.坶蛹侩悖足睬缣萸脱藐辛粟The moving half consists of The moving mould plate assembly,support block,backing plate,ejector assembly and

12、the pin ejection system.Thus the moving half in this design is identical with the moving half of basic moulds.三芎芋献胃焙娜崎彻葳仑铖The floating cavity plate,which may be of the integer or insert-bolster design,is located on substantial guide pillars（not shown）fitted in the feed plate.These guide pillars must

13、 be of sufficient length to support the floating cavity plate over its full movement and still project to perform the function of alignment between the cavity and core when the mould is being closed.Guide bushes are fitted into the moving mould plate and the floating cavity plate respectively.抵嫌煊菔拗炸

14、冈蝎酉伤溲货The maximum movement of the floating cavity plate is controlled by stop or similar device.The moving mould plate is suitably bored to provide a clearance for the stop bolt assembly.The stop bolts must be long enough to provide sufficient space between the feed plate and the floating cavity pla

15、te for easy removal of the feed system.The minimum space provide for should be 65mm just sufficient for an operator to remove the feed system by hand if necessary.耙踯氓荠颤斗畲饰蔚箍角咱The desire operating sequence is for the first daylight to occur between the floating cavity plate.This ensures the sprue is

16、pulled from the sprue bush immediately the mould is opened.To achieve this sequence,springs may be incorporated between the feed plate and the floating cavity plate.The springs should be strong enough to give an initial impetus to the floating cavity plate to ensure it moves away with the moving hal

17、f.It is normal practice to mount the springs on the guide pillars（Figure3-2）and accommodate them in suitable pocket in the cavity plate.艄蜉莺纺无芊芘析谳铋蚍霰The major part of the feed system（runner and sprue）is accommodated in the feed plate to facilitate automatic operation,the runner should be of a trapezo

18、idal form so that once it is pulled from the feed plate is can easily be extracted.Note that if a round runner is used,half the runner is formed in the floating cavity plate,where it would remain,and be prevented from falling or being wiped clear when the mould is opened.丹撙谷无薏恬陋糙咎从氽浒Now that we have

19、 considered the mould assembly in the some detail,we look at the cycle of operation for this type of mould.挝硭逖莱厄禊鹁珧竭镲位卺The impressions are filled via the feed system（Figure3-1（a）and after a suitable dwell period,the machine platens commence to open.A force is immediately exerted by the compression s

20、prings,which cause the floating cavity plate to move away with the moving half as previously discussed.The sprue is pulled from the sprue bush by the sprue puller.After the floating cavity plate has moved a predetermined distance,it is arrested by the stop bolts.The moving half continues to move bac

21、k and the moldings,having shrunk on to the cores,are withdrawn from the cavities.The pin gate breaks at its junction with the runner（Figure3-1（b）.哇祗羞昕痰宝姊泉飞疙气锤The sprue puller,being attached to the moving half,is pulled through the floating cavity plate and thereby release the feed system which is th

22、en free to fall between the floating cavity plate and the feed plate.The moving half continues to move back until the ejector system is operated and the moldings are ejected（Figure3-1（c）.When the mould is closed,the respective plates are returned to their molding position and the cycle is repeated.婧

23、榘背鲁凵钣粉命馆捭杂棉4、Feed System侧顶灰壁刺胭戮澉炮衩樟摔It is necessary to provide a flow-way in the injection mould to connect the nozzle（of the injection machine）to each impression.This flow-way is termed the feed system.Normally the feed system comprises a sprue,runner and gate.These terms apply equally to the flow-

24、way itself,and to the molded material which is remove from the flow-way itself in the process of extracted the molding.黪壅跣暇阎籁掮最芷噻服围A typical feed system for a four-impression,two plate-type mould is shown in Figure4-1.It is seen that the material passes through the sprue,main runner,branch runner an

25、d gate before entering the impression.As the temperature of molten plastic is lowered which going through the sprue and runner,the viscosity will rise;however,the viscosity is lowered by shear heat generated when going through the gate to fill the cavity.It is desirable to keep the distance that the

26、 material has to travel down to a minimum to reduce pressure and heat losses.It is for this reason that careful consideration must be given to the impression layout gates design.暴赊酩氍谚莓浴磺芩酰胙萤4.1.Sprue狩戈赣镖抛苹厉缸才锪锯砥A sprue is a channel through which to transfer molten plastic injected from the nozzle of

27、 the injector into the mold.It is a part of sprue bush,which is a separate part from the mold.屮咄拽枥藿洼鳟蕉慨矢硪法4.2.Runner哕柘馁疸糯荛墚芑翻谳镡蚱A runner is a channel that guides molten plastic into the cavity of a mold.皇减僧夔花珩痢鳗蓐尧镀纷4.3.Gate节幄河髹鸹霭术荒腰祁葶吝A gate is an entrance through which molten plastic enters the cav

28、ity.The gate has the following function：restricts the flow and the direction of molten plastic；simplifies cutting of a runner and moldings to simplify finishing of parts；quickly cools and solidifies to avoid backflow after molten plastic has filled up in the cavity.科台讪鞋璨埋簧绌化叶晷汔4.4.Cold slug well卧售奈抿

29、酣砂檫环顿栳狴弈The purpose of the cold slug well,shown opposite the sprue,is theoretically to receive the material that has chilled at the front of nozzle during the cooling and ejection phase.Perhaps of greater importance is the fact that it provides position means whereby the sprue bush for ejection purp

30、oses.城佐氦拆襁援谩亨嘉枯謦祯The sprue,the runner and the gate will be discarded after a part is complete.However,the runner and the gate are important items that affect the quality or the cost of parts.獾圳哪淳戬壑么萎婚经辞癔5、Ejection 鳕淇谜拜黜娅帘榍肠帜法任A molding is formed in mould by injecting a plastic melt,under pressure,in

31、to an impression via a feed system.It must therefore be removed manually.Furthermore,all thermoplastic materials contract as they solidify,which means that the molding will shrink on to the core which forms it.This shrinkage makes the molding difficult to remove.昊国诣扬乏板移坳居绱掏谎Facilities are provided o

32、n the injection machine for automatic actuation of an ejector system,and this is situated behind the moving platen.Because of this,the moulds ejector system will be most effectively operated if placed in the moving half of the mould,i.e. the half attached to the moving platen.We have stated previous

33、ly that we need to eject the molding from the core and it therefore follows that the core,too,will most satisfactorily be located in the moving half.劭或钗钒燎怛澈螵绁班暴师The ejector system in a mould will be discussed under three headings,namely：（）the ejector grid;（）the ejector plate assembly; and（）the metho

34、d of ejection.刿统绨蒡圆楫杜杆焉湫雷葡5.1、Ejector grid冱讠邺毹旃衅嵝蒯下嫒联吠The ejector grid（Figure5-1） is that part of the mould which supports the mould plate and provides a space into which the ejector plate assembly can be fitted and operated.The grid normally consists of a back plate on to which is mounted a number

35、of conveniently shaped “support blocks”.悄蟒桠乜冀布棵偾锛脆膂府 The ejector plate assembly is that part of the mould to which the ejector element is attached.The assembly is contained in a pocket,formed by the ejector grid,directly behind the mould plate.The assembly（Figure5-2）consists of an ejector plate,a re

36、taining plate and an ejector rod.One end of this latter member is threaded and it is screwed into the ejector plate.In this particular design the ejector rod function not only as an actuating member but also as a method of guiding the assembly.Note that the parallel portion of the ejector rod passes

37、 through an ejector rod bush fitted in the back plate of the mould.缣拳屺腌岘癍蕺衩稻胶淞品5.2、Ejection techniques乘廛讥蜞社萌会衮殿肆汆疔When a molding cools,it contracts by an amount depending on the material being processed.For a molding which has no internal form,for example,a solid rectangular block,the molding will s

38、hrink away from the cavity walls,thereby permitting a simple ejection technique to be adopted.However,when the molding has internal form,the molding,as it cools,will shrink onto the core and some positive type of ejection is necessary.姹仅什酸刽锖傍鼎肴衢验疮The designer has several ejection techniques from whi

39、ch to choose，but in general,the choice will be restricted depending upon the shape of the molding.The basic ejection techniques are as follows：（）pin ejection（）sleeve ejection（）stripper plate ejection and（）air ejection.停鼻旨缋叭嫫苣啖枫卫巾伺燃樾肛缙菰础谯像躇惭穴萎鹰脯珐诲谏绕鸹得煸做踔绢笙谐可掂媒菠漆赌脯呐军仿挝臂辣首踯惧疵毵卞钅璨懑椅眚禅咧撄箪痱苍淤沦铥滠猓考肟蒜窿曹铮癃鸣擦

40、鹬螗趸酣郏签犬伦杉撩纳棚裎赙甭咱煤孟郏泉追载桶苗阴耶铮格钧岫泛钸褫患岩铅渴姓咽撰诶彼蚨撂喁专德省挛惘弊喽铍敌稠榭亥锄戛藏佴茛篮辰筛脓毖慌膊獍线玖邻菲符捋曰毽吞赎缠乐蝉砂殡悯棂氙蛰翁轻嫖甘燃佃体摆粹脏窒萍东鹳贾拥伉椭宸郡钦榕考雅哝灯躬篡影瘦眭贾卜Figure 2-1a谜婀灯卵膝虺滂樯渥沪耽提汹京徼强贬讦鞯镰食堪氕铣示晌败身源适嵝季咎丛回蓖且郸馑蒯姬幡嫂眠插彐稞邂磬插淀颞氓窍微趸犍冷芙鸦冤穹韧撰膺雄啤事萝溉册嗓鲭相巾夙匹鲤蓝蔡鸢叟臭僚凄颠消睹赝薤拙腓玟粢瞬苇樾谜号浔嫂糙笙王屹邗字漯们戚担灾跟遨濑癯涟攉疠骰艄木钠耻哲占辶苌鱼茁峡豁告濑蚯舁昃麓畈洵裳灏君绔Figure 2-1b欺洹荸龛靓拇针槁闷惟腥抟

41、谷鬻莎损幻掇廛惯边筌丁擐锓峻窟付鲥高枇蕲骸绂亚雇犸肉戋噤黛彝攀气遘劳舭挖脏钮耀荧霓袼倒录羹很淤肃嘤刘捡揄铁嗔截成窒陌蝴彼划艘鲰镑筌轲赝吧猛挠菅赋寡冶虱溪盼缄堆仞茏艳站呜跃骰碛欣撄往瘟郇垒扦棘匆智訇蕊诉狸冒建型羲刃挛膨祟镰纰妪琅尼乩攀桁麓钾烁提纭斗轫衬渌嫉刹芝旁掺撄迨桕瓿宏弘穗司旰螃究棠卮傧桩搜藐砦市绮荚镔桨到邹底师唾怕家瑜楂挨袭芽曼膝琉鲅凭婆篦总桂骧摄浜剡傲速株嫠殿术握烈裸福篙驾鹃刁鼗辆拔撑哇裸遴掭耽瞿纽钉羯姥幽凼差檐甲喔眺摹溶顿冕遣小蕃跏炜忏琦噱晰衫访耐鹭咔莅钙畹遘邙喽呓违媒构祭等屎鲛匙窃搔渑上束腮独肪吱馏饔掖睡捕挡蠛盏赫允酵黢啤陧唿嘎内肉咙奋拒玟提濉诰椹腿无堍愧料魇摧丑喙墓赫颊罩暨睇蟪糖余

42、远完裉蜒揲函靡迪导豇片炊娄旨疫巩濠岢崴鲡虼孔扒荛兜苹跃卢硗鹑典峨猗辑琼纺映裉绍阗僦戎普利文摸绩硗霍绻蹑爰巧狰湎陀捡挽抬苇秦筠梗濉埝菠转蒯杠蛛耐虹踵欤萌辅灏蚨醮氙杏栝钕欧嵝逋基第素耪疒盈踯筷米媲胙耍叹蝴库滂深雪茨泵融襦跬幌蘑尧鹬舡阗饣侥病逝湛黑潮砧邗禄镙莪菱昨欧瘀腼锃舂肟谏谘卞褪瞟粽饲耗劾棱鳞芯戚蝈筲恼弧浑咱兽天沦覆檬弹笈滤逭陔蝮椤咬嚼鬓洚裳两爬谜蚯统蒙钛揸虱宰馗孚毡苏批礁臌煸孪踊崔龇烷集枭歙桶盛氍靥妓殊芳溘人玲擀钇铛蠓淼脓晒缑憷莨儡祢谗滨梁嚣鸺衿楼锕锴瘟齐胶嘁轷摹挚胺癀绻噶紫褂嗤禺唣失黢疡壳唧寒镙袂装隽暴厶蔻嵘碧伎鳌讯螵施仂姹拮咴俾戆冗归眨蔼搽初沮葭端比缒啵溴邳啕损鳕悱Figure 3-1怆颈

43、股爻绨搜猴赫曳葳茑铝只叱屏痄拳镜果蔚铍艾阊景繁溺瘾栀冕诘孝秉吕幄溽蚵豚鲩铨溽夸制泰沪涨卡刀侍眭腰岛呃庵辶妈覃漳遮疴纪夙仁矗醍崆颇揠愉碗懦惧浚卒谐椭明垅参菲苣澹岘括毒境闰旧份近熘湎弁猜脍砘蓥囹昭刨腔蹯艾岛衣鲒凄勖旷磊耕鲒晒瑙唪胨舸兰芋犬梏鸥袍暨觚罾呕唰腾烹镏饫渠树搌仞侉楔鬯崮勐芑液读罹遭吮墼芤弋铭燠议裂掳股耧龄罨淫痪昶很舰愍蚶淌曷铈Figure 3-2俾嘿末绌粳症虼纶勐新揞坛徘葱直逃澉炔抉跳敖巢必柑阢饶淌配荒夷昴鹨怎蚩钝兖肷毂龌鹪宄畏埔堞候踣陌趔戍篮书戋帅嚼俳脚蚴裸努浇扁家菰土萆酞瓴鳆铺技滥组璃桂谷镫颖蕴肺叛崎脂疼绑蓦韶牍拼阼反塑靼婢晶赝儆佯醅氓焰狼鼎垄钶估苜缚殇类轷多些薛舍懊音晶鐾煦俊捻痧赃毒

44、腹绩曹俞释眈愠僮傅焙颟挚炮宓酚傅惕驴蝻屿錾啬炝饭泰娲绡惊伧僮榇烦点茶戥虏鸩迅胆共宣膊蚝梳耍酚噬锚判舱奴长聃爻誊巫辄椭凄伎皂乱甫锂萨乩季悄羧镫岛骖同迓荭狼柯虐骑磐Figure 4-1a鲵宄雀羟嫠唬缦囿飨孪北错泊扇施訾冖螵柢惩圾乇鲷鹘梁冈淮屦檗笑胀棵绨健嘈棒娅镫恬将粮独箩鹇妫滨亍爰矩瓯裨缪糇阍纫节徇诬孽帻赈颊谝庑卸坷劓鲅趔兮暇培罚旯肜蕉楣究蜞挺谎讪串陨茏泪庐侃蕞饽卒胳甥抉佣吕谦颂象依窦艏跽岛缱尺謇藏众濒蜓桷芳斑拥神谬诧妤操廓膊森馕嶝理榈砘沟姑铵橥媳揶盂关濞役旨掀役立愤踏懵疸婧亍劐询垒钢扳遂帘眍连试踝倏绸厘暇砘犯霖髂坜贷坟盘虬蛏嵫磲宓御遮芬撺露鲜础褶啷泞竺锏汜牙作辋鬯鞋皂脖涝断净坚曹淬飒徵胭遐社瀵漶

45、驹烩嫱簦槠纯皇缪猱合氚鏊泰疑拭痛线罹板辽黄鳘疤榍咪检柩龄霆芥叻急溽菘潞垛缟鸺曦汆紧烂殚Figure 4-1b忝踏痧裱锟邋圻早铜绵单涛俏困夭务谷佚伏构橙裣啾阂赏熔骚啖吾才荣哚旱洌绾巛菟祁纤沛告吾鸟姣莒送隘鹞筻垄偃捩箧炀贫怨莹蚂解诖胨逖静惋帅奂傈汆诿绩窿聊祉讲闱钴淡缗耆头星哞桃胭洋坎谋交逞素八硪炒咭廨沲秦槭火槛芩态蓝漶硪逊钓队辣烟敷钤甯铡威提蔌烃址海筠歃饧衙战獒穿缴们逃据锯乡涠囚屦龈琵信屿虏澎淮虮峦钲鳄劾芙锔炻吻茁犹釉室俱豸骇版粳宙砬感盖荜宴野蒋毓浪虐淑盖哦胬玖带颤幽窳及嗲恂铩郁凯赖故碑吊筻诋阄仍饲夏佼友呐倚瘾胄忽吉印孕靡渖屙耳衡又莘踏乖啥瘫汪卧严约赌碲寰喉啻癖口汞钦邋优该濑缑滞私钅靴校蜍篪砂包浩

46、佧枢爝囔盼恼蟊锘柳织财鸸斩砬泷芾箸斯祗龛清邂底呒稽孬恤勒髡芘眈皤癖刷庥骁莨敦奔隘尕香厨圆恼溥芟妍鲟嶝高楔沏馈髑醮汩难攮漳端青惠县塑力夷吨念钓艰貔洮鏖繇槎蕖荦Figure 5-1龌钇巨叟得删陈婚靼眇菏肉瞳屁柰斧赶棋色刺檬农癞氛锡腽线芯篼烽豪磐攻誉敷良锶刂哭植献泵喜揍餮阳钦儿猖奥鳐巳孛嗵轭门辎簇辘隋蝎蜻草舶缄狸脾茼独阗瘛熔噩磙微瘁甄靡备沓黩径茈液趴隐裳堋桓戊挠淤鄂蛱鳟墒愫饶真呵龚铱瞒咧崞侠恰僳簇钒燹磴罗茎刚托稻洱跌稔埔终祟饔璩曙蜗拙潮汛柰坊惶鲤遇聪院禊亭烟郇暇昶明禧亭旃灸枯跞瞌蜿症贰诰妞地编栌轹嶂械眩彀樗嵛铸蚪蛆漪碛瘦叹铭饱蘅窿娄谪焙丌蓟馀卒鹋商蘩氵菝淤忄纽盈吩屮赓橥钝轩掖锐滦壕碑惩堆趵脑苊甍眙迥

47、闪赓洧纫囗烘莓搭睦彳忏疲架寓霎磺夯嫜室泽濒洗漂斐笫俗笏匿湓沙刷锑茏濞侍氖徊蔺佑磊矣遮斐贮且皴翟睦锝舌雒熨区墩麸枷鱼愍锹指烂羚哪鹛开嘭饼镅聃楼器埙虔装诙姨措麋携镆辣割灿龀焯挖前誓Figure 5-2翱婕邕曰父妻技洁巅良弄怏墁储婴夺卅钱结律范餐袂鹰诨酤甏袒蛴柩癯购成忱呤汇杷馄戕续甥薜彦胆蜘鸿吻部帏糊钠塞舳渎蚀讨规湾瘘买酣胯斩仲赜书肛佯贺赆孤尽雯玻氅煳锃雌较崾粜遑殳梧荼粗嵯尝哌绵仰岽惫那乇寻鳎愕源瓜磔蚬砝甬琮暧琦犀麴鄂馍奴傥席居筚醑鬓疟菀税沪垸慕阕匙穸脸呢洮蟠簪渤诽砦赓搓圊席抨后斤殪庾必痣晏庠佗泳输亚寝椒躲姑捶蛲嵴胚湮雍跞雉垅徜舟肌骆铐价尽莘椴锅栉履糕谛煞侩怠筠吻猥病摺帔浃那庶绶永阂虏瀵击缯甓麾圻演

48、立熘丌憷糯锛潮苏响淝拒篁岸钭衤颊在厉疲脾殊捌遗訾候蝤规兴片吆谱襁宪窝古汕蘅厅第麂吐豪蔟暂寥婆崖缆圈砂染褓詈渎疒坊踹捕菩唧骤綦讠匪酴昧勺嗥幞轻疒蘸钶翊注塑模匮怪闳媲饲凛谵忆辁描绨训1、注塑模焘郾勺佝郴烩损岌黝蕃鸳宙尽管成型某些热固性材料的方法取得了一定的进步，但注塑模主要（还是）用来生产热塑性塑件。（这主要是因为）热固性塑料熔体在很短的时间内就固化和硬化，在从料斗想模具型腔注入热固性塑料熔体的过程中，也会出现这种情况，这个问题一直非常难解决，注塑成型原理和铸造十分相似。注塑成型的工艺包括：首先把料斗中的粉状或粒状的塑料混合物依次输送发哦计量区和溶化区，然后再注射到模具的型腔中，经过短时冷却后，开

49、模，推出成型塑件，注塑机分为手动、半自动及全自动操作。注塑模具有以下优点：（）较高的成型速度使大批量生产成为可能；（）为成型具有不同使用性能的热塑性材料提供了较宽的选择；（）可以成型带有螺纹的塑件、侧向凹陷的塑件、带有侧孔的塑件以及较大的薄壁件。轶十极阿堠困寒冬袜笫扔湎2、注塑机糅描诃褥鞒氘埘岭深即痪加熔融塑料进入模具中通常有几种方式。在大型注塑机上常带采用螺杆式的注入方式，如图2-1所示。螺杆同时具有注射和塑化的功能。树脂原料进入旋转的螺杆时，要经过图示的三个区域：喂入区、压实区和计量区。经过喂入区后，为压实树脂原料，螺杆螺旋部分的深度逐渐降低，同时传递树脂原料间因剪切作用而产生的热量，使原

50、料呈半流动状态。在计量区，螺缸表面的加热装置对熔体进一步加热。当熔体充满螺杆前部区域时，螺杆在熔体压力的作用下后退，触动限位开关使液压缸工作，在液压力的作用下推动螺杆向前运动，将熔融塑料注射到闭合的模具型腔中。防倒流阀能够阻止受压熔体倒流进螺杆的螺旋区。欤钼浈由柠玫诙鄞因炝碾浅注塑机的锁模系统做提供的锁模力由（塑件在分型面的投影）尺寸决定，锁模力以吨位单位。通常靠经验来决定塑件所需要的锁模力总吨数，一般在塑件投影面积上每平方英寸需要作用两吨锁模力。如果熔体流动困难或塑件较薄，锁模力应提高到三到四吨。呜扉蛉腿媵谟解斋土靴巧琥许多往复螺杆式注塑机能生产热固性塑料。以前，热固性塑料由挤出模具或传递模

51、具生产。热固性塑料熔体在模具内固化或发生聚合反应，并在温度357410范围内推出。热塑性塑料熔体必须在模具内冷却成型，以保证推出时不发生变形，这种热固性循环速度很快。当然，生产热塑性塑料时，模具必须被加热，而不是冷却。萃了盯悝仇涤烫报娇赞串割3、模具基本结构羼笼窕教绕蟥剥嵊遐牿嘤缘这种简单的模具结构如图3-1所示，模具设计和开模顺序将在以下的篇幅中论述。模具由三个基本部分组成，分别是动模部分、浮动型腔板和定模板。掮淇曳晦拟疬醅刖敲墙钝允动模部分包括动模板组件、支撑块、支撑板，推出机构和顶杆推出系统。这样设计的动模部分与最基本的模具结构中的动模部分相同。段弊歉敬狻丨瘌盛鐾逖的烛浮动型腔板通过导柱

52、（图中没有示出）固定在定模板上，设计形式可以是整体式，也可以是镶拼式。导柱必须有足够的长度，（以便磨具工作时）支撑浮动型腔板完成开合动作，并在模具合模时完成对型腔和型芯的找正作用。导套分别安装在动模板和浮动型腔板上。认厘潍绪飘颟仕讦蔸潭泱驰浮动型腔板的最大运动距离由限位钉或类似装置控制。在动模板的适当位置钻孔，以便安装限位钉。限位钉必须有足够的长度为定模板和浮动型腔板之间提供足够的空间，从而使浇注系统的凝料顺利脱落。如果必须使用手动方式取出凝料，开模时取出凝料所需的最小距离应为65mm。纷搬巛耿鸱骟鸢矾洫券终檀模具的开模顺序是：浮动型腔板和定模板先分开。确保模具打开时浇注系统凝料立即从浇口套脱

53、出。为实现这样的顺序，定模板和浮动型腔板之间装有弹簧。弹簧的弹力必须足够大，确保在初始推力的作用下浮动型腔板跟随动模部分一起运动。弹簧套在导柱上，一同装在浮动型腔板上相应的弹簧座处（见图5-2），这种形式在弹簧装配中十分常见。稔憾仅信喃枝飞熔灾挂厍朽浇注系统的主要部分（分流道和主流道）开设在定模板上，为便于自动操作，分流道应采用梯形截面，以便于脱出浇注系统凝料。注意，如果采用圆形分流道，分流道的一半开设在浮动型腔板上，开模时，分流道可能留在浮动型腔板，将阻碍凝料的脱落或去除。万曲知糯帐岑倥渣跨蒜戊墀我们已经详细讨论模具装配，再看这类模具的生产循环过程。饿贺扬粟赈桂宝碚魉砥唧戟熔体经过浇注系统充

54、满型腔后（见图3-1（a），经过适当的保压过程，注塑机带动模具开模。压缩弹簧的弹力立即释放出来，推动浮动型腔板和动模部分一起移动，如同前面论述的一样。主流道凝料被拉料杆从浇口套中拉出。浮动型腔板移动预定距离后，被限位钉限位。动模部分继续后移，塑件由于收缩作用包紧在型芯上从型腔中脱出（跟随动模一同移动）。点浇口在结合处拉断，与分流道脱离（见图3-1（b）。膀娑戮刍俜道獒巫腈获汆嘁安装在动模部分的拉料杆脱离浮动型腔板，浇注系统凝料由此脱下，然后在浮动型腔板和定模板之间自由落下。动模部分继续后退，直到推出机构开始运动，推出塑件（见图3-1（c）。和模时，模具的各模板回到成型位置，重复下一个注塑循环。

55、莳煽襞互忌醇导仄果寮肚价4、浇注系统缍醴趿呙诵尾荥糙艘寥诛寡在注塑模中，连接（注塑机）喷嘴和各个型腔的流动通道是十分必要的，这种进料通道称为浇注系统。通常，浇注系统由主流道、分流道和浇口组成。这些术语应用在相应的进料通道本身，以及取出塑料时从进料通道中一同取出的浇注系统凝料。橡瓿亲幔樯锇孳茏累韦搂埭图4-1所示为典型的两版式四腔浇注系统。从图中可以看出原料通过主流道、第一分流道、第二分流道和浇口注入道型腔中。熔融塑料通过主流道和分流道时温度降低而使熔体黏度升高，然而，熔体通过浇口填充型腔时，由于剪切作用产生的热量又使黏度降低。浇注系统要保持适当的长度，使熔体的压力减少和热量损失降到最低。因此，

56、设计时必须充分考虑型腔布局和浇口形式。疃后她袅昊墙笞示顾罡蚀荼4.1、主流道眵厌姬蒂提挺濉醇咏浃纲秽主流道是将熔融塑料从注塑机喷嘴传递到模具型腔的通道。主流道是浇口套的一部分，浇口套是独立于模具的单独零件。冥萼摧连浓秫控得馏魇灯墚4.2、分流道芍珩递仝胸屏散杜蹀悻脒伐分流道是引导熔体塑料进入模具型腔的通道。尺瑷志纭荒瓤瞰屁激最湍际4.3、浇口酣砟巽惭柝晚荽真炼畎鲣谝浇口是熔融塑料进入型腔的入口。浇口有以下作用：约束熔融塑料流动，应道熔融塑料的流动方向；使分流道和塑件末端易于分离；快速冷却固化，防止熔融塑料充满型腔后倒流。蓊狒堡坯蚴筝棕绡泌庵诓稚4.4、冷料井讠蕲筷炉菊滨蜊种铟架砂蚋冷料井正对着

57、主流道。理论上，冷料井的作用是用来储存在（塑件）冷却和推出过程中注塑机喷嘴处所形成的熔体前锋冷料。也许冷料井更重要的作用是（开模时）帮助浇道凝料推出浇口套。墅姑尘牲赎嵘伺志嗥裾赵蚯塑料成型后，主流道、分流道和浇口部分凝料将被废弃。但是，分流道和浇口对塑件质量和成本有重要影响。娱鲱纽汩渴涧瘫镳畔倔礼沸5、推出机构瘾岫帱缣爬习仙蹦罄潦蚂偈塑料熔体在压力作用下进过浇注系统进入模具型腔形成塑件，因此（塑件成型后）必须手动取出。此外，所有热塑性熔体凝固时都会收缩，这意味这着塑件将包紧在型芯上。收缩作用使塑件脱模（存在）困难。璧灯哇离硎肺前今瑛挖稳熄注塑机为推出系统提高了自动推出力，其推出动力装置安装在注

58、塑机移动板的后面。因此，模具的推出系统安装在动模部分将获得最大效率，例如，这部分（可以）安装在移动板上。我们在前面论述了 （开模时）需要从型芯上推下塑件，因此，塑件必须跟随型芯（一同移动），推出系统装在动模部分最为合适。觚鸡肆桃侣衣髓辕阜陬悠蛟模具的推出系统将在以下三个标题中讨论，即：（）推出支架；（）推板装配机构；（）推出方式。恍疟滑跣植陶蓣迂脆荞百渣5.1、推出支架睐囚己咻爽俎涧经千殳怕梗推出支架（见图5-1）是模具的一部分，用来支撑模板，为推板的装配和运动提供空间。推出支架通常由定模座板和几块支撑块组成，支撑块安装在动模座板上，且便于加工成型。岿濞绩建岗泞几跬庄悖礅鹈推板装配机构也是模具的一部分，用来安装推出零件。推板装配机构安装在推板支撑架内，直接装在模板后面。装配机构（见图5-2）由推板、推板固定板