科技英语课后答案

1、四单元AEx. 11. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D Ex. 2 Para. 1-3 Garbage problems in the U.S. and around world.Para. 4-13 Ways to make garbage disappear with the help of technology and changes in attitudes and lifestyles.Section I: TechnologyA. Recycling and resource sharing: biotechnology (Para. 4-8) Natures garb

2、age-free ways (Para. 4) Eco-industrial park (Para. 5) Biotechnology (Para. 6) Recycling (Para. 7-8) B. A whole new kind of manufacturing process: nanotechnology (Para. 9-11) Section II: Changes in attitudes and lifestyles (Para. 12-13) Ex. 3 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. D Ex. 41.

3、 innovation 2. forgive 3. dispose 4. precedent 5. recycled 6. refinery 7. conversion 8.ecological 9. barely 10. speculateEx. 51. D 2. C3. B 4. B5. A 6. A7. B 8. A 9. A10. A11. C 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. BEx. 61. genetic engineering 2. organic solvents3. raw material 4. sul

4、fur dioxide5. 垃圾填埋 6. 旧物销售 7. 信息时代 8. 铅化合物Ex. 71. 无论是谁说过“勤俭节约，吃穿不缺”，对两亿七千六百万美国人都没有很大的影响。2. 随着我们对更易利用的原料的开发，废物再循环会有更好的势头。3. 在这个几乎涵盖了各种科学和工程学科的新兴行业，研究者们希望通过由小到大，原子到原子，分子到分子的顺序制造出产品。4. 研究者们在制造分子大小的晶体管和电线，甚至在制造电池方面已经取得了进展，可以制造犹如该句句号的几千分之一大小的电池。5. 当这种观念为世人所接受，第三个千年的人们就可以回过头来，把他们以前曾经制造废物看作年轻时的一个可以原谅的错误。Ex

5、. 81. Health problems cannot be ignored, otherwise they might translate into learning difficulties.2. The oil refinery converts crude oil into gasoline, kerosene and other related products.3. I really dont see the value in doing this entire project over from scratch.4. School education chiefly puts

6、value on knowledge acquisition while home education focuses on moral education.5. The girl selling ice cream was able to turn the hot weather to her advantage.BEx. 1 1. They should try their best to reduce the adverse environmental impact.2. They are eco-friendly and can significantly reduce environ

7、mental impact.3. Governments and official bodies have enacted tougher legislation to control pollution.4. The problem is dealing with potentially toxic wastewater on offshore structures.5. Phoenix is a new offshore wastewater process solution, used to treat virtually all kinds of oily, contaminated

8、water from any offshore oil and operation.6. They are not economical.Ex. 21. obligation 2. hazardous 3. urges 4. adverse 5. discharge6. ethical 7. collaboration 8. acutely 9. snowball 10. inadequateEx. 31. 零排放2. 压井液3. 钻井平台4. 沉降罐5. 海底采油树6. 齿轮油7. 离心分离法8. 液压油A. hydraulic fluidB. subsea treeC. settling

9、tankD. rigE. control fluidF. centrifugal separationG. gear oilH. zero emissionEx. 41. 在这里开展钻井工作意味着开发者必须尽他们最大的努力，将对环境的不利影响降到最低。2. 这些产品起着至关重要的作用，保证许多在海上移动钻井设备、固定、浮动和海底生产设备、补给船以及专用支援船上进行的海上作业操作的可靠性。3. 嘉实多的绿色油田新产品是为海上石油公司率先担当起环保职责而设计的。4. “凤凰”处理方案模块化且紧凑的优点，使得它非常适用于不断花样翻新的新式设备。5. 然而，普遍认为这些开发方案处理此类油污染水成本偏高

10、。 CEx. 1.T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F五单元AEx. 11. D 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C Ex. 2 The Bretton Woods Conference aimed to iron out wild exchange rate fluctuations following the abandonment of the gold standard.The factors include: the decline of sterling, the United States involvement in the Vietnam War, especial

11、ly the rise in barrel prices.The weakness of the eurozone economy compared with that of the United States, combined with the inexperience of the European Central Bank in dealing with the international market, has caused the decline of the value of the euro since its launch.The ECB is relying on an a

12、ssortment of security measures to protect the currency, from the look and feel of the paper to holograms and incandescent strips.Coins are round, but have differences in composition, weight, thickness, and milling to ensure that the blind can easily distinguish between them.Ex. 3 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B

13、 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. CEx. 41. current2. distributed3. participation4. aware5.abandoned6. involved7. cease8. composition9. assort10. secureEx. 51. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6.B 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. D11. B 12. A 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. DEx. 61. exchange rate 2. budget deficit

14、3. member state 4. 法定货币5. 在活跃的进行中，处于全盛时期 6. 崭新的Ex. 71. 2002年1月1日，欧洲12国共同启动了一种全新的货币，并将在以后两个月内逐步取消各国原有的货币。2. 二战结束以来，为了消除由于取消金本位制而引起的汇率大幅度变动的情况，欧洲各国的货币根据布雷顿森林会议所确立的体制，与美元建立了松散的联系。3. 在最初的两年内欧元只应用于银行界、外汇市场和证券市场的电子商务运作，为2002年的欧元纸币和硬币的全面启动作好准备。4. 事实上在短期内，商店为了把商品的原标价改为新币值而上调，可能会面临通货膨胀的压力。5. 所有的硬币均为圆形，但其构成、重

15、量、厚度和边纹各不相同，以便于盲人触摸识别。Ex. 81. Since its launch the value of the euro has declined significantly. 2. The original notes and coins ceased to be legal tender by the last day of February, although most banks would continue to exchange the currency notes for several years.3. This design is easily to be d

16、istinguished.4. The participating countries decided on the name “euro” at a summit5. Those members of the European Union may well take part in the next few years.Key to Text BEx. 1 Para. 1 A tax system should follow two principles:Fairness and efficiency .Para. 2 Para. 6 Two principles of fairness.A

17、. Ability-to-Pay Principle.a. One implication of this principle is horizontal equity. (Para.3) b. Second requirement is vertical equity. (Para.4) c. Which is fairest ? (Para.5) B. Benefits Principle.Para. 7 Para. 13 Three measures of efficiency. A. Administration costs. (Para.8) B. Compliance costs.

18、 (Para.9) C. Excess burden. (Para.1012)Ex. 21. perceived 2. treatise 3. distorts 4. plucked 5. disregarded6. revenue 7.dilemma 8. imposing 9. conflict 10. verticalEx. 31. 累进税制2. 论文、专著3. 递减税制4. 税级5. 国防6. 审计人员7. 税务执行成本8. 个人所得税9. 一次总付的10. 国家的收入, 税收A. treatiseB. progressive principleC. revenueD. complia

19、nce costE. tax bracketsF. lump-sumG. auditorsH. national defenseI. regressive principleJ. individual income taxEx. 41. 征税的艺术是拔鹅的艺术，以便得到尽可能多的羽毛和最少的尖叫声。2. 能力的支付原则认为，人们的税收应该在他们的支付能力之内，通常是按收入或财富来衡量的。3. 累进税是按照收入增加来增加税收比率，富有的人不但要付出比穷人更大数额的钱，而且要支付他们的收入中较大的一部分。4. 利益原则把公共服务等同于私人物品，并认为税就是人们享用了这些服务后所应该支付的费用。5.

20、 提高税收体制效率的第三项措施考虑到这一事实，当政府对一个商品征税，它扭曲了消费者的行为，人们就会少购买征税商品，而多买其他商品。 Key to Text CEx.1. One of its options is to issue stock. A company has other methods, such as issuing bonds and getting a loan from the bank.2. Stock raises capital without creating debt, i.e., without creating a legal obligation to r

21、epay borrowed funds.3. To assess the price.4. The yield is the annual dividend divided by the stock price.5. They are expected to earn a good return on not only their previous equity, but on the increased equity represented by retained earnings.六单元AEx. 11. D 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C Ex. 2 Para. 1 (1): ac

22、curately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements(2): make definite predictions about the results of future observationsPara. 2. an extension of the previous onesPara. 3 provide a single theory that describes the whole universePara. 3

23、 (1): the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time (2): the question of the initial state of the universePara. 5 (1): the general theory of relativity(2): quantum mechanicsPara. 5. a quantum theory of gravityEx. 3 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. DEx. 41.gravitational2. u

24、nfortunately3. government4. based5. accuracy6.religious7. depend8. extremely9.requires10. solvedEx. 5 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A11. A 12. B 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. AEx. 61. quantum mechanics 2. general theory of relativity 3. physical laws 4. square of t

25、he distance5. 原则上， 基本上6. 孤立地7. 一口气，一下子，一举8. 牛顿的引力理论Ex. 71. 要谈论宇宙的本质，讨论宇宙是否有起点或终点这样的问题，必须弄清什么是科学理论。2. 即使某一理论与数次实验结果相一致，也绝不能断定这一理不会与下一次试验结果相矛盾。3. 要想一步登天地提出一种能描述整个宇宙的理论证明是非常困难的。4. 如果宇宙中一切根本是相互依赖的，那么孤立地研究问题的一部分也许不可能得到完备的答案。5. 另一方面，量子力学解决的问题是极小规模的现象，例如万亿亿分之一英寸。Ex. 81. They deduced this formula on the bas

26、is of many experiments. 2. He saw astronomical patterns from which he could make calculations and predictions.3. Generally speaking, weight should be proportional to height.4. The original road shall be widened gradually if its width is inconsistent with regulations.5. Scholars and researchers shoul

27、d not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society.BEx. 1 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. D Ex. 21. gaseous 2. submit 3. identified 4. comprise 5. solar6. generating 7.density 8. mean 9. dim 10. exhaustEx. 31. 类地行星2. 大气层3. 太空望远镜4. 核聚变5. 消防车6. 太阳系7. 外星生命8. 光年9. 径向速度10. 间接方法A

28、. space telescopeB. indirect methodC. radial velocityD. Earth-like planetE. light yearF. extraterrestrial lifeG. fire engineH. solar systemI. nuclear fusionJ. atmosphereEx. 41. 如果真的有外星生命存在,那么它们必定需要有一颗可以在上面进行演化的行星。2. 新型天文望远镜及其观测技术已经直接发现了其它的外行星, 方法就是测量行星经过恒星表面时恒星亮度细微变暗的程度。3. 他们说有足够证据表明在同一星系内还存在另一颗行星,

29、体积为地球的8 倍, 运行周期为84 天。4. 行星表面的平均温度可能介于0到40之间, 与同地球距离最近的两个邻居金星和火星相比,这颗行星更适合人类居住。5. 在此之后, 据推测太阳会变成一颗红巨星,到那时候目前构成太阳的氢会消耗殆尽, 太阳会转而燃烧氦气。CEx.1 1. About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. 2. Edwin Hubble made the observ

30、ation that the universe is continuously expanding and discovered that a galaxys velocity is proportional to its distance. Hubbles observations provided for the foundation of the Big Bang theory.3. In 1964, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, in an attempt to detect microwaves from outer

31、 space, inadvertently discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin. The noise did not seem to emanate from one location but instead, it came from all directions at once. It became obvious that what they heard was radiation from the farthest reaches of the universe which had been left over from the

32、Big Bang. 4. NASAs COBE satellite has detected cosmic microwaves emanating from the outer reaches of the universe. These microwaves were remarkably uniform which illustrated the homogeneity of the early stages of the universe. However, the satellite also discovered that as the universe began to cool

33、 and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences. These fluctuations verified prior calculations of the possible cooling and development of the universe just fractions of a second after its creation. These fluctuations in the universe provided a more detaile

34、d description of the first moments after the Big Bang. 5. Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was tremendously hot and then it began to cool, at around 10-43 seconds after creation, when there existed an almost equal yet asymmetrical amount of matter and antimatter. As these two materials a

35、re created together, they collide and destroy one another creating pure energy. Fortunately for us, there was an asymmetry in favor of matter. As a direct result of an excess of about one part per billion, the universe was able to mature in a way favorable for matter to persist. As the universe expa

36、nded further, and thus cooled, common particles began to form. These particles are called baryons and include photons, neutrinos, electrons and quarks would become the building blocks of matter and life as we know it. After the universe had cooled to about 3000 billion degrees Kelvin, a radical tran

37、sition began which has been likened to the phase transition of water turning to ice. Composite particles such as protons and neutrons, called hadrons, became the common state of matter after this transition. After about one to three minutes had passed since the creation of the universe, protons and

38、neutrons began to react with each other to form deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, soon collected another neutron to form tritium. Rapidly following this reaction was the addition of another proton which produced a helium nucleus. After further cooling, these excess pro

39、tons would be able to capture an electron to create common hydrogen. Consequently, the universe today is observed to contain one helium atom for every ten or eleven atoms of hydrogen.7单元AEx. 11.A 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. D Ex. 2 Para. 1: stereotypes and caricaturesPara. 2: in-depth knowledge of business; c

40、onceited; employees must obey them; talk fast and loud.Para. 3: a broad but not thorough knowledge of the companys operation; insular; a lack of confidence in the abilities of subordinates; meetings are not supposed to decide anything; seldom keep promises.Para. 4 : adept at industry, finance and go

41、vernment; rude, haughty, jealous, eager to show off; issue orders; what they say at meetings does not count; love to talk.Para. 5: many years of technical training and high degrees; serious, formal; pull rank and give orders; meetings are conducted with great attention to order and detail; sometimes

42、 they raise voice and pound the table to intimidate others into further concessions.Para. 6: flexible, paternalistic; give protection to them; meetings are not taken seriously; impressive appearance, secretive decision making;Para. 7: clever, cunning, formal, reserved, have no feelings; harmonious;

43、they are well prepared and never improvise, do not expect any decisions at this meeting; they consider they are superior.Para. 8: practical, capable, not imaginative, no sense of humor; flat organization, responsibility delegated way down; punctual, go straight to the point; their answers are short

44、and often remain silent.Ex. 31. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. DEx. 41.punctual 2. hierarchical 3. improvise 4. quarter 5. corporate 6. decentralization 7. spice 8. fostered 9. baffled 10. cunningEx. 51.1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. D11. C 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. A 16

45、. B 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. DEx. 61.quick fixes 2. go by the book 3. close to the vest 4. memo5.老同学人脉网6. 切题的（地），切中的（地）7. 社会地位8.幽默感Ex. 71. 商务洽谈后，美国人弄来一群律师和财务人员，起草的合同比别国长20倍。2. 英国经理人都彬彬有礼，谈话中掺杂着幽默典故，令其他国家的管理者大惑不解。3. 经理们有时候会提高嗓门，拍桌子，看看是否能唬住对方做出更多的让步。4. 他的主要职责是营造和保持和谐的氛围，激励属下为公司的利益而共同奋斗。5. 他们十分讲究准时，完全按时开会

46、和散会。Ex. 81. American managers cardinal goal is the quarterly dividend, and quick fixes are the means to accomplish it.2. He is adept at building trusting relationships with the clients.3. Be on guard against those who are jealous of your success4. Japanese managers consider themselves racially and culturally superior to foreigners. 5. The salesman talked for thirty minutes before coming to the point.BEx. 1 1. Asias decreasing dependence on the