河北衡水学霸耗分练高考复习耗点、耗题、耗分课件：专题16推理判断题

1、第二部分阅读理解考纲展示命题探究考点展示考纲解读命题规律命题趋势1. 细节推断题2. 写作意图推断题3观点态度推断题4.文章来源或读者 对象推断题5预测推断题考纲要求考生根据文章所提供的事实及 自己的一些常识进行合理的推断,理解作 者所要传达的信息，人物的动机、目的及 性格特征，事件发生的前因后果等。有时 需要根据文童提供的事实和线索进行逻 辑推理，推测岀作者未提到的事实或某事 发生的可能性等。通过分析近五年咼考题可知：考查推理判 断的题量在近五年中相对稳定，一般来说 每套试题都有47个小题。题目数量分布均 匀，并且设题时往往和事实细节相连。简单 的题目可以通过某句或某段进行细节推 理，而较复

2、杂的题目常在理解全文的内容 和结构的基础上，进行逻辑推理。通过分析近五年高考题 可知：推理判断题是阅 读中难度较大的一类， 它能考查学生的英语综 合运用能力，因此题量 会平稳增加，而且逻辑 推鯉也会有所增加。专题16点击观看 考点视频推理判断题撬点基础点重难点1命题方式的特点英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的 暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是推理判断题。推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题。要求 考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识 进行分析、推理、判断。推理判断题常见的题型有细

3、节推断题、因果推断题、写作意图推断题、人物性格、 态度及观点判断题、预测想象推断题、短文来源、读者对象推测题等。2推理判断类题目常见的设问方式(1) It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that(2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?(3) In which of the following publications(出版物)would this passage most likely be printed?(4) T

4、he passage implies, but doesnt directly state that(5) The writer suggests that(6) The author probably feels that(7) The author uses the example of. to show thatWhats the authors attitude toward.?3选项的特点(1) 正确选项的特点 在文章中可以找到信息支持，并且可以推断岀正确选项。 大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。干扰项的特点 颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断岀来的正确结果相反。 照搬原文：原文里有相关的直接信息

5、，不需要经过推断。 推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。 无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断。4解答推理判断题应注意的问题(1) 把握全文是推断的前提。把握全文内容,在彻底理解的基础上，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示或线索, 这是推理判断的前提和基础。(2) 推理要有理有据。推理判断题不能毫无根据地凭主观臆断做出在原文中找不到根据的推理，也不能 妄加猜测，对表面文字信息做多步推理，必须忠实于原文，以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据，使做 出的推理合乎文意。(3) 切忌用自己的观点来代替作者的观点。一定要认真分析，仔细揣摩，充分利用文章中的关键信息, 弄清作者的写作目的

6、和观点、态度，决不能将自己的观点强加到作者身上。(4) 把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇结构。要体会文章的基调，揣测作者的态度，找准逻辑发展 的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。(5) 利用背景知识进行推理。有时做推理判断题需要结合自己所掌握的相关背景知识及经验、常识进行 分析、判断，从而得岀符合常理的结论。G 撬法命题法 解题法制考法综述推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗 示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻 辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能九推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话， 要

7、求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。常出 现的推理判断题有逻辑推理、知识推断等。这类考题中常岀现的词有:infer, imply, suggest, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, can, could, may, might 等。推理判断题的考查角度常见的有：1. 细节推断题根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物身份、事件等。2. 写作意图推断题根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。3. 观点态度推断正确理解文章大意，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别

8、，关注作者对人物心理或 者思想情感的描写。对文章中的人或事进行评判。4. 文章来源或者读者对象的推断测文章的来源，各类书籍、报刊、杂志或教科书等；对读者对 象的身份进行判断。5. 预测推断文中没有说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事情可能的结局或者下一段可能涉及的内容进 行推测。命题法1细节推断典例 1 Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot greener toward the environment. “We didnt know at that time that there even was an envir

9、onment, let alone that there was a problem with it, ” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans ar

10、e taking part in the movement. uThe understanding has increased many, many times, ” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.According to US government reports, emissions （排放）from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 mil

11、lion tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of green thinking” has become part of practices.Great improvement has been achieved. In 1

12、988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, ifs hard to find a

13、 public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. u Until we do that, nothing else will change! ” says Bruce Anderson.本文为说明文，题材是节能环保类。作者阐述了自1970年以来，美国在环境保护方面所取得的成就。1 What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?A- They have cut car emissions to the lowe

14、st.B They have settled their environmental problems.C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.measures.对 They have reduced pollution through effective2. What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragr叩h?y Education. C Green living.B. Planning.D- CO r

15、eduction.解析1推理判断题。依据第三段和第四段的内容可知，通过有效的措施，美国的环境污染状况大为改 善。A项错在lowest, B项错在have settled, C项错在forty。2. A推理判断题。依据最后一段的内容可推知，环保意识教育至关重要。A【解题法】细节推断题的解题思路找到与题干相关的信息。(2) 结合上下文，对文章提供的信息进行推理判断。(3) 把握文章内在联系，准确理解文意,找到正确答案。命题法2写作意图推断典例 2 People arent walking any moreif they can figure out a way to avoid it.I felt

16、 superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasnt in any hurry, either. I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness: motorosis.It is an illness to which I had thought myself immun

17、e（免疫的）,for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as a good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting.

18、When I was 45 years old I racedand beata teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heait. But a well-known British physician, Sir Adolphe Abrahams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need pro

19、per exercise. A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And walking is an ideal form of exercisethe most familiar and natural of all.It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flowe

20、rs, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world. He cannot learn in a car.The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people dont dare to approach Nature any more; to them the world

21、 they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.I say that the green of forests is the minds best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is

22、 basic and everlasting.What is the authors intention of writing this passage?A To tell people to reflect more on life.B To recommend people to give up driving.C. To advise people to do outdoor activities.$ To encourage people to return to walking.解析 推理判断题。作者在文中论述了汽车在带给人们便利的同时，减少了人们接近大自然的机会, 也减少了锻炼的机

23、会，这样对身体有害，同时作者强调了步行的益处，故作者的目的是鼓励人们减少用车, 选择步行。A【解题法】写作意图推断题的解题思路准确理解文章大意，尤其注意首尾段。(2) 对作者阐述内容进行分析，归纳总结。(3) 通过作者的用词、语气来推测作者的写作意图。命题法3观点态度推断典例 3 The freezing Northeast hasnt been a tenibly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packe

24、d before you could say Usunshme, I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C (维生素 C), thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours, not 4 in the

25、 afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best partparticularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold weather root vegetableswas a7 a m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake up call.What did the author think of her winter life in New York?A Exciting

26、.y Boring.C RelaxingD Annoying解析根据第一段第一句话可以看岀作者认为在寒冷的冬天，东北地区是一个无趣的地方。故B项正乂A【解题法】观点态度推断题的解题思路(1) 准确把握文章字里行间的意思，注意描写环境、气氛的语言及表达作者感情、态度或观点的词语。(2) 对观点或态度的语句进行分析、归纳。命题法4文章来源或读者对象的推断典例 4 The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over t

27、he industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the worlds ecological balanceOn a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-su

28、n fields affects the arears birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species （物种）that depend on the trees flowers and fruits. Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level, the destr

29、uction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens （威胁）human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life, and the destmction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques a

30、re poisoning the water locally, and eventually the worlds groundwater.Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations （种植园）could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate, and studie

31、s show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic （酸性的）soil conditionsIt is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecolo

32、gy. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.Where does this text probably come from?An agricultural magazine.B A medical journalC An engineering textbook.D A tourist guide.解析根据整篇文章来看，多次提到种植grow,讨论了 full-sun coffee production对环境等的影响，应 与农业有关，故选A。A【解题法】文章来源或读者对象推断题的解题思路