英语必修五总讲义

1、 学科：英语专题：必修5：Unit1 Great Scientists 语法开篇语过去分词作定语定义：作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。构成：规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： 1. 一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式） work-worked-worked, visit-visited-visited 2. 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。 live-lived 3. 以“辅音字母

2、+ y”结尾的动词，将 “y” 变为 “i”，再加“ed”。 study-studied-studied, cry-cried-cried构成：4. 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。 stop-stopped-stopped, drop-dropped-dropped 不规则动词，见课内不规则表。题一：The rare fish, _ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea. A. saved B. saving C. to be saved D. having saved过去分词作定语的位置：

3、1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。3. 过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。The meeting, attended by over five thousand

4、people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。 5. 当被修饰的词是由some/any/no thing/body/one所构成的不定代词或指示代词those等时，虽然是一个单一的分词作形容词用，但也要放在其后。（可变为定语从句）There has been nothing changed s

5、ince I left my hometown three years ago.自从三年前离开，家乡一直没有什么变化。 题二：The moving picture of a little boy of 5, _from the big earthquake, has been made _ to all Chinese people for the boys saluting to the soldiers.A. saved; to know B. to save; knowingC. having been saved; know D. saved; known现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别

6、前置定语：单独一个分词作定语时，一般情况下被放在被修饰的名词前面，例如： 现在分词：几乎所有的现在分词都可以作前置定语，现在分词表示它所修饰名词的动作，二者有逻辑上的主谓关系，并且表示所修饰词的特点、性质等。（可以转换成定语从句）。 Barking dogs seldom bit.=Dogs which bark seldom bit. 爱叫的狗很少咬人。 注意：作前置定语的现在分词前面可有状语修饰，有两种情况：一、已经转化为形容词的现在分词，状语多用very, rather等加强词。This is a rather boring film.这是部令人厌烦的影片。二、一般的现在分词不能用加强词

7、作状语，但可用其他副词，例如：不能说：rather moving vehicles但可以说：fast moving vehicles 飞快行驶的车辆 过去分词： 所有的及物动词的过去分词都可以做前置定语，不及物动词过去分词做前置定语时，一般过去分词前有副词修饰，但也有少数几个可以单独作前置定语。过去分词与已经完全变成了形容词的过去分词做前置定语的区别是：前者表示中心词承受动作的结果或状态；而后者表示中心词的特点。a newly arrived student新到的学生（arrived是不及物动词，但前有newly修饰） an escaped convict逃犯（escaped不及物） a re

8、tired worker退休工人（retired不及物） a locked door上锁的门（locked表示中心词door锁后的状态） an experienced doctor有经验的医生（experienced表示中心词doctor的特点） 后置定语： 现在分词的完成式不能做后置定语。但是，如果中心词是泛指的，偶尔可用现在分词的完成式做后置定语。不能说：The man having written that book is our teacher. 应该说：The man who has written that book is our teacher. 写那本书的人是我们的老师。 An

9、y man having written such a book is worthy of praising.（泛指）无论是谁，能写出这样的书，都应该受到表扬。题三：Tsinghua University, _ in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded过去分词作表语过去分词作表语的概念：过去分词作表语，多表示主语所处的状态。I felt exhausted this morning. 我今天早晨觉得筋疲力尽。When did

10、you become acquainted with him？你何时认识他的？过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态。而被动语态则表示动作。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态，表示动作)The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语，表示状态) 过去分词表示被动或完成；V-ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用V

11、-ing 形式来修饰物。 The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。题一：Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. sea题二：In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A. sticking

12、B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck题三：_ every day , our web provides readers with the latest news .A. To update B. Update C. Updating D. Updated讲义参考答案过去分词作定语题一：答案：A题二：答案：D题三：答案：C过去分词作表语题一：答案：A题二：答案：B题三：答案：D专题：必修5：Unit2 The United Kingdom 开篇语过去分词作宾语补足语宾语补足语宾语补足语：某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补

13、足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。 I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作

14、found) 题一：It is reported that some wild animals were found_ in a big cave in the mountain.A. to hide dead B. hidden deadC. hiding dead D. hidden death表示致使意义的动词。如have, make, get, keep, leave等。 1. Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。 2. He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。 3. Dont leave t

15、hose things undone. 要把那些事情做完。 题二：Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. remind D. reminded表示思维活动的动词如consider, know, think等后。I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。 I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这

16、场交易中受愚弄了。 表示爱憎,意愿的动词如want, wish, like, hate等后。I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。 He didnt wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。掌握“have/get+宾语+过去分词” 使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。 1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了) 2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。 He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 (自己的经历)题三：Good morni

17、ng.Can I help you？ Id like to have this package_.A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed “with+宾语+过去分词”结构此结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因等状语。 The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式) With water heated, we can see the steam.

18、水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。(表条件) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决，我们都回家了。(表原因) She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。 He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。题四：With all the novels he was interested in _,he left the library and went b

19、ack to his dorm.A. borrowed B. borrowing C. to borrow D. borrow题五：The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked.A. to lay B. laying C. being laid D. laid讲义参考答案过去分词作宾语补足语题一：答案：B题二：答案：D题三：答案：D题四：答案：A题五：答案：D专题：必修5：Unit3 Life in the future 语法开篇语过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，修

20、饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随等情况。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。表示时间Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.表示条件Kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.表示原因Deeply move

21、d by the story, the children began to cry.As they were deeply moved, the children began to cry.表示伴随情况She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.表示让步Beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.Although he

22、 was beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.题一：Film has a much shorter history, especially when _ such art forms as music and painting.A. having compared to B. comparing to C. compare to D. compared to题二：_ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of the trees

23、.A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see题三：_ by greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven题四：Though _ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surprising B. as surprisedC. surprised D. being surprised题五：No ma

24、tter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。注意：written 为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经被写。值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源于系表

25、结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为陷入思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。题六：_ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved b

26、y the local police.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Being lost D. Lost题七：_ as a promising tennis player in the world, Chinese player Zheng Jie succeeded in entering the next round in French Open Tennis.A. Having acknowledgedB. AcknowledgingC. Acknowledged D. To acknowledge过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致。Gi

27、ven another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。given为过去分词作状语，它的逻辑主语为主句主语I，即I被再给一个小时。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮。seen为过去分词作状语，表被看，由语境可知，它的逻辑主语必须是城市，而不是我们，因为我们应主动看城市。注意：如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于

28、独立主格结构。The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了。the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语。Her head held high, she went by.她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语she就不再是held high的逻辑主语。过去分词作状语来源于状语从句。Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. caught in a h

29、eavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语，它来源于原因状语从Because he was caught in a heavy rain.Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语，它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 注意：状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成连词+过去分词结构作状语。When given a medical examination, you sho

30、uld keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。过去分词作状语的位置：过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。题八：_ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose现在分词和过去分

31、词的区别 现在分词和过去分词的区别：1. 现在分词表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示已经完成的动作：falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶fallen leaves 落叶（已经落下的树叶）developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家题一：He is a student at Oxford University, _ for a degree in computer science.A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be studying 2. 现在分词表示主动的意思，过去分

32、词表示被动的意思。I heard someone closing the door. 我听见有人在关门。I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。题二：After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him.A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call题三：To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can.A. spe

33、ak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak题四：Tom sat in the classroom, his eyes _ on the big words on the blackboard.A. keeping B. kept C. looking D. looked题五：The _ morning, the father came into the lonely house , _ by his naughty boy . A. following ; following B. followed ; followed C. following ; follow

34、ed D. followed ; following讲义参考答案过去分词作状语题一：答案：D题二：答案：A题三：答案：A题四：答案：C题五：答案：A题六：答案：D题七：答案：C题八：答案：C现在分词和过去分词的区别 题一：答案：B题二：答案：A题三：答案：C题四：答案：B题五：答案：C专题：必修5：Unit4 Making the news 语法开篇语正常语序和倒装语序主语和谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，叫自然语序。反之，如果谓语在主语前就是倒装语序，又分全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是把全部谓语放在主语之前。部分倒装是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。全部倒装there be 句型：可以用在这类

35、句型中的动词除be外,还可用 live，happen，exist，remain，stand等等作这类句型的谓语。There are many apples on the tree.树上有许多苹果。Long long ago， there lived a king who loved dogs very much.很久很久以前，有一位国王，他非常喜欢狗。全部倒装Here/There/Nowvi.（常为come,go）主语（必须是名词）此句型中here/there用来唤起注意，意思是“喂，注意了”。Here comes Mary . I can see Mary coming.玛丽来了。There

36、 goes the bell. 铃响了。I can hear the bell ringing.这种句型不能用现在进行时。题一：John opened the door. There _ he had never seen before. A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl全部倒装out，in，up，down，away之类的副词作状语放在句首，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词，谓语为不及物动词come， go， run， rush，etc。句式为：副词vi.主语（必须是名词）

37、。Out rushed the lion from the bushes.狮子从灌木丛里冲了出来。In came the lily fragrance through the windows.百合花香透过窗户飘了进来。全部倒装介词短语作状语放在句首，谓语为不及物动词，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：介词短语vi.主语（必须是名词）。In the middle of the square stands a big tree. 在广场中央有一棵大树。题二：At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing Riv

38、er_, one of the ten largest cities in China.A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing liesC. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie全部倒装Then引起谓语为 come，follow的句子。Then came a new problem. 然后产生了一个新的问题。Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.接着是八年抗战。全部倒装表语放在句首，表语常为形容词、分词、副词、介词短语。要求主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代

39、词。句式为：表语系动词主语（必须是名词）。Gone are the days when the nurses were looked down upon.护士地位低下的年代一去不复返了。全部倒装直接引语中间或后面，表示某人说这意思的插入语（特别是谓语较短时）。“They must be in the fields now.” thought Xiao Li.“他们准是下地了。”小李想道。“Help! Help!” cried the little girl.小姑娘叫道：“救命！救命！”如果主语不比谓语长，或是它后面有宾语，主语就仍然多放在前面。“Take your seats，gentleme

40、n.” Jack shouted.杰克嚷道：“先生们坐好。”“That man is a famous star.” Xiao Wang told me in a whisper.小王低声告诉我说：“那个人是著名的电影明星。”部分倒装“only副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句”开头的句子。Only then did he realize the importance of English.直到那时他才意识到英语的重要性。Only in this way can we make progress in our English.只有通过这种方式我们学英语才会取得进步。注意：1. 在only状语从句主句

41、结构中，主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。2. only修饰主语，不倒装。Only Mike knows the answer.只有迈克知道答案。题三：Only when he reached the tea-house_ it was the same place hed been to last year.A. he realized B. he did realize C. realized he D. did he realize部分倒装否定词（短语）开头的句子要用部分倒装。表示否定的副词never，nor，neither，表示半否定意义的副词hardly，few，seldom，litt

42、le，含有no和not的词组by no means（决不），in no time（很快），at no time（在任何时候都不），（在任何情况下都不）not until，not only.but also，no sooner.thanhardly.when/scarcely.when。即“否定词助动词/情态动词主语其它”。Little/Seldom does she watch TV. 她很少看电视。注意：1. 关联词的搭配。2. 前一分句倒装，后一分句不倒装。题四：We laugh at jokes, but seldom_ about how they workA. we think B.

43、 think we C. we do think D. do we think题五：Not until he left his home _ to know how important the family was for him.A. did he beginB. had he begun C. he began D. he had begun以so开头, 用 “so助动词/情态动词/系动词主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物，意为“也，同样，也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物，用“neither/nor助动词/情态动词/系动词主语”。 He passed the

44、exam, and so did I. 他通过了考试，我也通过了考试。注意：1. 当so表示对前句内容的肯定、符合，或进一步强调前面所说的情况，或者赞同前面的说法时，应用自然语序。意为 “的确，正是”。Jim works hard.吉姆工作很卖力。So he does and so do you. 的确如此，你也是。2. 倒装部分的助动词、情态动词、连系动词的时态和形式要与前句相一致。If you dont go, neither/nor shall I.（If you dont go, I shall not go.）你不去，我也不去。注意：表示前面的多种情况也适合于另一人或物，或者既有肯定

45、又有否定情况或涉及到不同类型的动词时可用：It is the same with sth./sb.或 So it is with sth./sb.句型。He does well in math，but is poor in English. So it is with Mary.他数学学得好，但英语学的差，玛丽也是如此。题六：Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and_.A. neither wont Tom B.Tom wont either C. Tom will too D. so will Tom 由as引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装或前置。句式为：

46、表语/状语/动词原形as主语其他。Successful as he is，he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。Child as he is， he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得不少事情。Much as I like Paris，I couldnt live there.虽然我非常喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。注意：表语前的名词无形容词修饰时冠词要省略。题七：Try_ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open.A. if B. when C. since D. as 在so.that从句中，如果soadj./adv.放

47、在句首，其主句要倒装。So quickly did he speak that no one could follow him.他说的太快了，以至于没人能跟得上他。如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were，should ，had，可以把if省略而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒装。If it hadnt been for their help，we couldnt have finished the work on time.Hadnt it been for their help，we couldnt have finished the work on time.要不是由于他们的帮助，我们不可能按时

48、完成那项工作。题八：_fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A. Should you be B. Would you be C. Might you be D. Must be you频度副词及短语often，always，now and then，many a time，every other day等放在句首时有时也倒装。Many a time has she come to comfort me.她来安慰了我好多次。Often did the teacher warn the

49、 students not to do so.老师经常告诫学生们不要那样去做。某些表示祝愿句子也用倒装语序。May you succeed.祝你成功！Long live the Communist Party of China!中国共产党万岁！讲义参考答案题一：答案：D题二：答案：A题三：答案：D题四：答案：D题五：答案：A题六：答案：B题七：答案：D题八：答案：A专题：必修5：Unit5 First aid 语法开篇语省略的概念在英语中，为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文连接紧密；或因为语法的客观要求，句子中的某一个或某几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。省略要求保持语法结构完整

50、，保持句子意义的准确，常用于口语交际之中。英语的省略大致有以下几种情况：简单句中的省略省略主语 在生活交流中，尤其在祈使句中，动作的执行者明了，因此常被省略。Sit down and be quite, please. 省略谓语在某些特定的环境中，由于语言所指清楚，为了避免重复，常将谓语动词省略，留下主语和其他成分；如果谓语部分全部省略，而只留下主语时，主语代词用宾格。 Jack will take a test next week. Me, too. 省略宾语当上下文宾语一致时，下文常省略宾语。 Would you like to go shopping this evening? Id l

51、ove to. 省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，于是为了简单或情感亲切等，可将主语和谓语同时省略，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。Another cup of coffee, please. 动词不定式的省略 to be的省略有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。I consider him stupid. 小品词to的省略在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词let, make, have 后的“宾语 动词不定式作宾语补足语”的结构中，不定式符号to须省略，但这类结构变成被动语态时，其后的不定式要还原加上to。1. Ill have Tom show you to your room. 2. The workers were made to work more than 16 hours a day. 在can not but, can not choose but, can do nothing but, cant help but,