英语语言学课件Chapter6TheSoundPatternsofLanguage

1、the sound patterns of language chapter 5 investigates articulatory mechanisms of human vocal tract possible because of nature of language individuals have different vocal tract every individual pronounce sounds differently thousands of physical different ways of saying “me”phonology definition: esse

2、ntially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of the language concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than within the actual p

3、hysical articulation of speech soundsphonology is the underlying design, the blueprint of the sound type, that serves as the constant basis of all the variations in different physical articulations of that sound type in different context t sound in tar, star, writer, eighth, the “same”? the same rep

4、resentation in phonology in actual speech, they are very differentphonology t sound differences in different words t and k; t and b differences more important meaningful consequences related to the use of one rather the others must be meaningful sounds in tar, car , far, and bar because they are wha

5、t make the words meaningfully distinct phonology concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language which allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hearphonemes definition: each of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is used to for each phonetic, or

6、 physically produced segment / is used to indicate a phoneme, an abstract segment an essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively, eg. /f/ &/v/ contrastive property is the basic operational test for determining the phonemes which exist in a languagephonemes substitute one sound

7、 for another in a word and there is change of meaning, two sounds represent different phonemes chart in chpt 5 a mapping of english phonemes /p/ -voice, +bilabial, +stop /k/ -voice, +velar, +stop sounds have features in common would behave phonologically in some similar way /v/ +voice, +labiodental,

8、 +fricative /pl-/ and /kl-/ common in eng, /vl-/ not commonphones ad allophones phoneme is abstract unit or sound-type phones are different versions of that sound type regularly produced in actual speech phones will appear in versions of one phoneme is allophones of that phoneme t in tar is normally

9、 pronounced with a stronger puff of air that is present in the t sound of star aspiration in t in tar, not in star different phones of t on p55-56phones and allophones allophones of t: aspiration, flap, dental articulation. essential difference between phoneme and allophones is that substituting one

10、 phoneme for another will result in a word with different meaning, substituting allophones will result in different pronunciation of the same word i in seed and seen i in seen nasalisedminimal pairs and sets phonemic distinctions in a l can be tested via pairs and set of words pat and bat are identi

11、cal in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, minimal pair. more accurately described as minimal pair in the phonology of english arabic does not have contrast btwn these two sounds fan-van, bet-bat, site-sideminimal pairs and sets when a group of words can be dif

12、ferentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wigphonotactics constraints on the sequence or position of english phonemes part of every speakers phonological knowled

13、ge lig, vig fsig rnig constraints operate on units larger than the single segment, or phonemesyllables and clusters a syllable must contain a vowel (or vowel-like) sound the most common type of syllable in language also has a consonant b4 vowel. represented cv onset: one or more consonants rime: con

14、sists of the vowel, treated as nucleus coda: any following consonant(s)syllables and clusters me, to, no have an onset and a nucleus, no coda open syllables closed syllables: when coda is present up, cup, at or hat green (ccvc), eggs (vcc), and (vcc), etc diagram on p58syllables and clusters consona

15、nt cluster: both the onset and coda can consist of more than one consonant cc in words: stop, post (coda) eng has larger onset clusters: stress and splat the first consonant must be /s/ followed by one of the voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ and then one of the approximants /r/, /l/, /w/ splash, spring

16、, strong, scream, square exclaim? onset is described, not the beginning of a wordco-articulation effects speech is not very often pronounced carefully and deliberately, almost slow in motion co-articulation: the process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next assimilation when two ph

17、onemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or copied by the other, occasioned by ease of articulation in everyday talk? any vowel becomes nasal whenever it immediately precedes a nasal assimilation process is particularly noticeable in ordinary conversational speech. can n and you