语法介词.doc

1、第三章 介词介词是英语学习的重点和难点，因为它非常活跃，可以和动词、名词、形容词等搭配使用。一个介词可以和许多动词搭配使用，比如look at看, laugh at嘲笑, aim at目标对准, shout at向射击, stare at盯住看，arrive at到达，等等。一个介词可以和许多名词搭配使用，比如at first最初, at last最后, at hand在手边, at length最后, at present目前, at times有时, at sea航海, at work在工作, at school上学, at random 任意地，随便地, at sb.s disposal

2、 任处理, at stake 危如累卵，危险, at the cost of 以为代价, at the risk of 冒之危险, at the mercy of 任凭摆布, at the moment 此刻，目前，at times有时，间或，等等。一个介词还可以和多个形容词搭配使用，比如eager at渴望, good at擅长, quick at善于, clever at善于, skilled at / in善于， startled at / by被吓了一跳， astonished at 对感到惊讶，等等。一个名词或动词可以与多个介词搭配使用，例如for a moment一会儿， for

3、the moment暂时，in a moment立刻， at the moment当时；agree with同意某人的意见，agree on就达成一致， agree to同意，答应，等等。另外，每个介词又有不止一个意思，用法非常繁杂，掌握起来有一定难度，需要长期积累。再加上复合介词以及固定搭配数量较大，因此一定要下苦功夫。一、介词on, by, in表示交通工具的用法by后表示交通工具的名词，不用冠词或物主代词，表示方式。如：by bus, by train, by taxi, by boat, by ship, by plan, by bike, by spaceship，by air, 等

4、等。如果用in和on时，名词前要加冠词或物主代词，也可以用复数名词，表示乘坐具体的交通工具。如：in/on a bus= by bus on a bike/on bikes= by bikein a taxi = by taxi in a/this/his car靠动物体力作交通工具时用on，如：on foot, on a donkey/horse, on horse back, on camel back, on my back二、in，after， later表示“之后”的用法1. in 用在将来时中，表示“之后”，和一段时间连用。What will happen in a hundred

5、 years?一百年之后会发生什么？I hope you can find it. Im coming back in a minute.我希望你能找到它，我过会儿就回来。In a few years time, these mountains will be covered with trees.几年以后，这些山上将会长满树木。My mothers birthday is in two weeks time.再过两个星期就是我母亲的生日。* in用在过去时中表示“之内”。In five minutes, he finished drawing a beautiful horse.五分钟之内，

6、他就画完了一匹漂亮的马。Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一日建成的。2. after 表示“之后”，可以用在过去时和将来时。a. 用在将来时中，接一点时间或表示事件的名词。Its two oclock. Ill come back after 4:00.现在两点。我四点以后回来。Can you come to see us after the meeting/breakfast?你开完会/吃完早饭能来看我们吗？b. 用在过去时中，和一段时间连用，表示“之后”。They set the thief free after 3 days.三天后他们把小偷放了。Afte

7、r a few seconds, he answered the question.几秒钟后，他回答了这个问题。* after用在过去时中，表示“之后”，和一段时间连用；in用在过去时中，表示“之内”，和一段时间连用。after用在将来时中，仍表示“之后”，但与点时间或事件的名词连用，而且以将来的时间为起点；in用在将来时中，也表示“之后”，但要与段时间连用，而且要以现在的时间为起点。3. later 是副词或形容词，表示“以后”。以过去的某个时间或动作为起点往后推，所以总用在过去时中。I got up at seven oclock this morning. An hour later,

8、I went to work.今天早晨我七点起床，一小时后我去上班。The doctor was free ten minutes later.医生十分钟后就闲下来。 三、at，in，on表示时间的用法1. 表示钟点的“几点几分”用at。We have breakfast at 7:00.我们七点吃早饭。The English Evening will begin at half past seven.英语晚会七点半开始。2. 表示一天内瞬间时刻用at。例如：at daybreak/sunrise/dawn/noon/dusk/nightWe have lunch at school at n

9、oon.我们中午在学校吃午饭。3. 表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at。at that time, at the moment, at night, at supper time, at Christmas（但on Christmas Day）, at the age of 16 4. 在某一天的某一段时间（morning, afternoon, evening）以及在某星期、月份、季节、年、世纪等用in。They take exercise in the morning.他们上午锻炼。Ill fly to Beijing on business in October.我十月份要飞北京出差。B

10、etty was born in 1976.贝蒂1976年出生。They came to America with their grandparents in the 19th century.他们在19世纪与祖父母一起来到美国。Many migrant birds fly south in autumn.许多候鸟秋天飞往南方。5. 在某天，星期几，某天（星期几）的上午、下午、晚上都用on。 a fine day on a cold winter morning the evening of the same day the night of November 15th National Da

11、y on New Years Day the Eve of New Years Day Christmas DayWe eat moon cakes on that day.那天我们吃月饼。They arrived early on a Tuesday morning.他们在某个星期二一大早就到了。四、at，in，on表示场所的用法1. 指场所的某一点用at。There is a church at the end of the street.大街尽头有座教堂。Ill get off at the next station.我在下一站下车。Turn right at traffic light

12、s.在红绿灯处向右转。2. “在平面上”、 “在线上”、 “在边沿上”用on。on the land/continent/earths surface/farm/ground在陆地上/大陆/地球表面/农场/地上on the edge of 在边缘 on the horizon 在地平线上on the Fifth-ring Road在五环路上 on the bank of the river在河岸上There is a boat on the river.河面上有条船。You can see a picture on the wall.你能看见墙上的一幅画。On the other side o

13、f the street is post office.大街的另一侧是邮局。There may be some dangerous animals on this island.这个岛上可能有危险的动物。The sun was on the horizon when we set off.我们出发时，太阳出现在地平线上。Cf. on the sea（在海上）, in the sea（在海里），at sea（在航海中）3. 在有界限或范围，无论大小的空间、地区（国家、大都市、森林、广场）里，用in。They live in the country, not in town.他们住在乡下，不在城里

14、。He put his hands in his pockets.他把双手插到衣袋里。Every day after school, they would go swimming in the river.每天一放学，他们就去河里游泳。The brave fireman spared no effort to save the child in the fire.这个勇敢的消防队员不遗余力地救助火中的孩子。4. 同一个名词可以用不同的介词，at表示空间的某一点，in表示在一个地区的范围之内，on表示在“之上”。 at the library/meeting-room/station/villa

15、ge/airport （从宏观的角度看，这些场所都看作一点） in the library/meeting-room/station/village/airport/Beijing（在立体的空间或平面的范围之内） on the table/floor/island/earth/moon/sea/stage/plain （在某个物体的表面上）There is a broom in the corner of the room. 在房间的角落有把扫帚。His uncle is looking for his purse at the corner of the street.他叔叔正在街角附近找他

16、的钱包。Della fell and hit her head on the corner of the table. 德拉跌倒了，头磕在桌角上。*“在大街”上美国人、英国人的表达不同。美国人说： on the street; 英国人说： in the streetin bed “表示在床上睡觉”或“病卧在床”。on the bed 在床上（地点）on the tree 树上长的（树叶、水果等）in the tree（人、猴、鸟等）在树上五、表示原因、理由的八个介词的用法of，at，for，with，because of，due to, thanks to, on account of1. o

17、f表示内在原因。His Grandfather died of lung cancer in hospital last week.他祖父上星期在医院死于肺癌。2. at表示因听到或看到而惊讶、喜悦、愤怒等。All the people present were surprised at the sad news.3. for表示因为而著名、因而受罚等。The French are famous for their good wines.法国人以其优质的葡萄酒而著名。4. with表示外在的原因给人带来的影响。I couldnt fall asleep with all the noise.由

18、于这些噪音我无法入睡。5. because of着重某个结果的原因，后接名词或动名词。He was arrested by the police because of drug dealing.因为毒品交易他被警方逮捕。6. due to强调起因，在句中作表语或状语。Mr. Smith quitted his job due to his poor health.7. thanks to表示感激之情，意为“多亏了”。Thanks to your timely help, we fulfill our task ahead of time.多亏你们的及时帮忙，我们才提前完成任务。8. on ac

19、count of 常常表示“由于（负面的）原因”。The old man shouldnt be left alone on account of his serious illness.这位老人重病在身，不应该丢下他一个人。六、介词except，except for用法的区别except后接名词、代词或短语，与句子的某个成分属于同类事物。All of the boys were scared to cry except one with a knife in his hand.除了一个手里拿刀的，所有的男孩都被吓哭了。We go to school every day except (on)

20、 Sunday.除了星期天我们每天都上学。I looked for it everywhere except in the bedroom.除了寝室我找遍了每个地方。（以上第一句中one和All of the boys是同类；第二句的(on) Sunday和every day是同类；第三句的in the bedroom和everywhere是同类）except还可以与从句连用。He never comes except when he is in trouble.除了遇到麻烦他向来不来。The Swede stood still，except that his lips moved sligh

21、tly.这个瑞典人除了嘴唇还在微微动着以外，站着一动不动。而except for后面引出的东西则不属于同类事物。Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.你的作文除了几个拼写错误外还是蛮不错的。（a few spelling mistakes和your composition以及good不属同类事物）The bus is empty except for an old lady.除了一个老太太公共汽车上空无一人。（an old lady与bus，empty不属同类事物）七、介词till / until 的用法till

22、和until作介词意思相近，表示“直到； 一直到时候”。肯定句中多用till，也可以用until，和延续性动词连用。He slept till/until 12:00.他一直睡到12点。I waited till he came back.我一直等到他回来。She cried till/until the day boke.她一直哭到天明。否定句中一般用until，其结构为notuntil, 意思是“直到才”，主句的动词是瞬间动词。He didnt go to bed until I came back.直到我回来他才睡觉。I didnt see him until the meeting w

23、as over.直到散会我才见到他。I knew nothing about it until you told me.这事在你告诉我之前我一无所知。This battle will not be won until everyone knows how serious the danger is.直到大家都知道这个危险多么严重才能取得战斗的胜利。八、十一个表示静态的介词下面是十一个表示静态位置的介词：above, over, below, under, behind, before, out, in, on, beneath，beside。1. above, below的用法above表示“

24、在上方”；below与之相反，表示“在下方”。二者表示的是位置的高低，不一定垂直，在斜上方也可以。The birds are above me in the tree and Im below them.小鸟落在我上方的树上，我在鸟儿们的下方。2. under表示“在的正下方”, over表示“在的正上方”。The dog is lying under the table.狗卧在桌子下面。There is stone bridge over the river.河上有座石桥。3. behind表示“在后面”, before表示“在前面”。The school library is behind

25、 the Classroom Building 7.校图书馆就在七号教学楼后面。They decided to cut down the big tree before the office-building.他们决定砍倒办公楼前的大树。4. on, beneath; in, out; beside的静态位置的用法on和beneath表示在一个物体上面或下面，通常是紧贴的；in和out表示处在一个范围或空间之内或之外；beside表示在一个物体旁边。见图一： on out（of） in besidebeneath图一He found the dead body buried beneath a

26、 pile of leaves.他发现死尸埋在一堆树叶下。A newly-knit sweater is beneath his suit.一件新织的毛衣穿在他西装里面。People came in flocks to see the new hydraulic station beside the dam.人们成群结队地来看大坝旁新建的水电站。The students are getting all the desks and chairs out of the classroom before giving it a thorough cleaning.学生们正把所有的桌椅搬到教室外面然后

27、再彻底清扫。What have you found in the deserted house?你在那个遗弃的房子里发现了什么？九、十二个表示动态的介词下列介词表示动态：to, from, into, out of, around, onto, off, up, down, through. along, across, (a)round。请看图二、图三和图四的示意：图二He asked me to go to the supermarket again, where I just came back from.他让我再去趟超市，我刚从那儿回来。The robber thrust dagger

28、 into the safety guards body.这个强盗把匕首刺入保安的身体。The thief has been in and out of prison many times.这个小偷多次进出监狱。The spacecraft is in orbit around the moon.航天飞机正在绕月轨道飞行。图三The careless waiter dropped a bowl of fruit onto the floor.这个粗心的侍应生把一盘水果掉在地上。This play was laughed off the stage at its first rehearsal.

29、 这出戏首次排练就受到嘲笑不能上演了。Its thrilling to see cyclists dashing down the steep, bumpy mountainside. 看到骑自行车的从陡峭、崎岖的山上飞驰下来让人毛骨悚然。It took them 4 hours to climb up the mountain and another 4 hours to come down.他们花了四个小时爬上山，又花了四个小时下来。图四The young man tried several times in vain to swim across the English Channel.

30、这个年轻人几次尝试游过英吉利海峡都没成功。My cat can easily skin through the small hole in the door.我家的猫能轻而易举地钻过那个小小的门洞。I saw a group of travelers walking along the seacoast.我看见一群驴友沿海岸线走着。十、合成介词合成介词也叫复杂介词，通常由两个或两个以上的词构成。合成介词比较复杂，数量较大，现摘录一些常用的。as to至于 as for 关于 at the expense of 以作为代价 at the cost of以为代价but for 要不是 except

31、 for 除了apart from除了 far from远不止instead of代替 according to 根据together with 与一道 along with与一道without 没有 within在内upon 在上 upward 向上from behind 从后面 from under 从下面 next to 临近，靠近 close to 的附近 due to 因为 owing to 由于，因为 thanks to 多亏 until after 直到以后 in case of 假如，以防 in (the) face of面临 in front of 在前 in favor o

32、f 赞成 in the light of 按照，根据 in view of 鉴于 in spite of 尽管 in need of 需要 in place of 代替 by means of 以手段 by way of 用方法 in comparison with 与相比 in accordance with 依照 in addition to 除之外 in line with 与一致 in common with 与相同 in control of 控制着 in proportion to 与成比例 in relation to 与有关 on behalf of 代表 on account

33、 of 因为 on top of 在顶端on the part of 就而言， on the ground(s) of根据，以为在方面 理由on the point of 在当口 with/in expect to 至于with regard to 关于 with the exception of 除外He got his first pay at the end of the month in accordance with the contract.按照合同他在月底拿到了第一笔报酬。He built up a successful business at the expense of he

34、alth and happiness.他以健康和幸福为代价创办起一个成功的企业。The teacher wishes to speak to you with regard to your being late.老师希望就你迟到一事找你谈谈。 I enjoy all sports with the exception of boxing.我喜欢除了拳击之外的所有运动。Bob became the manager in place of Mr. Smith, who retired last month.鲍勃代替上月退休的史密斯先生当上了经理。We put off our departure o

35、n account of the snow-storm.由于暴风雪我们推迟了启程。It began to rain when I was on the point of leaving home.我刚要出门之际天开始下雨了。练习1. Are you going shopping _ bus? No, were going _ Toms car.A. by; by B. on; in C. in; on D. by; in2. The train _ she is traveling is arriving.A. by which B. which C. where D. for which3.

36、 Nowadays many children go to _ bikes.A. the school on B. the school by C. school on D. school by4. It was a sunny May afternoon. A boy was playing _ a ball in the street.A. for B. to C. with D. at5. We are going to dig a deep well in our village. What _?A. by B. of C. with D. at6. _ all their diffe

37、rences, Joan and Ann remain friends.A. Even if B. In spite of C. Although D. On account of7. The means _ which we study English _ welcomed.A. by; is B. in; is C. with; are D. in; are8. Her hair became grey _ the passing of years.A. at B. in C. for D. with9. He caught the thief _ the arm and struck h

38、im _ the face.A. on; on B. on; in C. by; on D. by; in10. He patted me _ the shoulder.A. in B. on C. at D. of11. She took the boy _ the hand and led him _ the zoo.A. in; by B. on; at C. at; in D. by; round12. He was killed _ a sharp knife last night.A. with B. in C. of D. by13. She ran into the room

39、_ her face covered _ sweat.A. on; with B. on; by C. with; from D. with; with14. They talked _ a low voice in order not to be heard.A. at B. by C. on D. in15. Mr. Li, shall we write _ ink? A. by B. of C. in D. with16. Would you please retell the story _ your own words?A. by B. in C. on D. with17. _ a

40、re written _ English.A. Many of the books; with B. Many a book; inC. Many of the books; in D. Many the books; with18. What did he do that for _?A. in Bob opinion B. in Bobs opinion C. in Bobs opinions D. in opinion19. It was _ hard work and ability _ he succeeded.A. by; then B. in; before C. by mean

41、s of; so D. through; that20. You unlock the door _ turning the key _ the right.A. in; to B. in; on C. by; to D. by; on21. _ hearing the news, he rushed out. A. On B. In C. By D. At22. _ the sight of the jewels Mathildes eyes shone brightly.A. At B. In C. Out of D. Catching23. _ sight of his friend i

42、n the street, he felt very happy.A. At B. In C. Out of D. Catching24. I came to the party _ the invitation of Mr. Wang.A. to B. in C. with D. at25. They were overjoyed _ the news of his safe return.A. on B. in C. by D. at26. The spaceship left the earth _ very high speed.A. in B. at C. on D. with27.

43、 The train runs _ 50 miles an hour. A. by B. with C. at D. in28. Its too expensive. I wont buy it _.A. at that price B. with that price C. on that price D. in this price29. When she came out, she had changed _ a beautiful skirt.A. into B. onto C. for D. to30. My bicycle is too old. I have to _. A. c

44、hange it B. change it with a new one C. change it for a new one D. change it into a new one 31. Ill sell you the book _ ten yuan.A. about B. over C. for D. with32. You shouldnt judge a stranger always _ the clothes he wears.A. with B. from C. by D. in33. Im sorry I took your pen _ mistake.A. with B.

45、 through C. for D. by34. Dont let the bird _ its cage.A. out B. out of C. from D. out of from35. As soon as the bell rang, we followed the teacher _ the classroom.A. out of B. to go out of C. going out of D. to come into36. Could you give me a hand? The dictionary is _ my reach.A. on the top of B. o

46、ut of C. too far to D. higher for37. Please wipe the words _ the blackboard.A. out B. off C. away D. from38. How long did it take you to swim _ the river?A. across B. over C. through D. above39. There is a bank _ the street.A. through B. across C. cross D. over40. The sports meet is to be held _ the

47、 third of April, that is, three weeks _ today.A. in; from B. on; until C. on; from D. in; toward 41. After we walked _ the forest, _ a river, we stopped to take a rest.A. through; cross B. through; across C. across; through D. through; through42. The mouse made a hole _ the door last night, _ it ent

48、ered the room.A. on; through which B. in; in which C. on; in which D. in; through which43. I cant _ London; the operator keeps giving me the wrong number.A. get through B. get through to C. hold on D. hold on to44. Do you often record BBC English programs _ the radio?No, never. I havent a short-wave

49、 radio and I often watch them _ TV.A. from; on B. in; in C. on; from D. in; on45. We know nothing about him, _ he came here two months ago.A. except B. except for C. except that D. except when46. Wang Ling was the first _ one to leave the classroom.A. of B. to C. but D. before47. Nanjing lies _ the

50、Changjiang River. A. to B. in C. on D. by48. Japan lies _ the east of China. A. on B. in C. to D. by49. The boy tied the dog _ a tree. A. with B. on C. to D. by50. The two girls sit _ in the class.A. next to other B. next to each other C. each other to next D. next each other51. They sat down and began to read something, but nobody noticed the sad news _ the front page. A. in B. on C. about D. around52. Can you understand the article with a lot of new words _?A. in it B. on it C. with it D. for it53. He put up a map _ the back w