UnitI'dratherbeblackPPT课件

1、Shirley Chisholm 第1页/共70页 Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (November 30, 1924 January 1, 2005) was an American politician, educator, and author. She was a Congresswoman, representing New Yorks 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1968, she became the first black woman ele

2、cted to Congress. On January 25, 1972, she became the first major-party black candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination (Margaret Chase Smith had previously run for the Republican presidential nomination). She received 152 firs

3、t-ballot votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.第2页/共70页 She was a passionate and effective advocate for the needs of minorities, women and children and has changed the nations perception about the capabilities of women and African-Americans. She supported improved employment and education

4、 programs, expansion of day care, income support and other programs to improve inner city life and opportunity. She advocated for the end of the military draft and reduced defense spending. In 1970 she published her first book, Unbossed and Unbought. Her second book, The Good Fight, was published in

5、 1973. 第3页/共70页 Boys and girls第4页/共70页 Gender Bias in the Classroom Expectations for girls and girls self-perceptions figure prominently. Girls are rewarded for docile, non-competitive behavior in early elementary school, while boasting and competitive behavior for boys is considered typical (Bauza)

6、. Girls lack self-confidence and deprecate their own skills, while their grades are the same or better as those of their male counterparts (Sanders). 第5页/共70页 Girls are more sensitive to social pressures, such as being perceived as a “bookworm” or “nerd” (Strauss). Girls perform better in an environ

7、ment where there are no male observers (Sanders) because they tend to feel threatened by the competitive and physical tendencies of boys. Science and technology are often considered individual pursuits, and not cooperative or social pursuits, which have more appeal to girls (Strauss）. 第6页/共70页 Accor

8、ding to the U.S. Department of Education, boys performance in school has fallen behind that of girls. More boys drop out of high school, fewer boys enter college, and less young men pursue advanced degrees than young women. More boys are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder than girls (possibly

9、 inaccurately), and this may be due to the innate differences in learning styles of boys and girls. 第7页/共70页 Boys are more inclined to activity, which may be construed as hyperactivity, while girls are better able to sit and listen and follow rules in a traditional classroom setting. Boys are also m

10、ore likely to be diagnosed with other learning disabilities, such as mental retardation, hearing, visual and speech impairments. Diagnosing learning disabilities for boys at to young and age, and the resulting label they carry throughout their education is one possible explanation (Bauza). 第8页/共70页

11、Girls interests and priorities when it comes to learning are different from boys. Boys like technology for its own sake (games) while girls want to know what technology can do for them. Boys focus on the task, and girls focus on the process (Nyangon). Boys are more spatially aware at a younger age,

12、while girls learn language at a faster pace and are more social. Girls enjoy cooperative learning experiences, and are intimidated by competitiveness in a school situation. 第9页/共70页 Boys are not adverse to conflict, and science by nature involves questioning conventional wisdom (Strauss). Girls have

13、 aptitude and interest in communication, and technology provides new avenues for that, with e-mail and the Internet. Girls are empowered by electronic discussions, where they are not dominated by their male peers (Nyangon). Online learning opportunities level the playing field for girls, and girls f

14、eel more equal to boys in online discussions (Sanders).第10页/共70页Racism in the United States Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era. Historically, the country has been dominated by Whites. The heaviest burdens of racism in the country have fallen upon Native America

15、ns, African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, American Jews, Irish Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants. Major racially structured institutions include slavery, Native American reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), internment c

16、amps, and affirmative action.第11页/共70页 Racial stratification has occurred in employment, housing, education and government. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century, and it came to be perceived as socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, yet racial polit

17、ics remain a major phenomenon. Racist attitudes, or prejudice, are held by a substantial portion of the U.S. population. Discrimination against African Americans, Latin Americans, and Muslims is widely acknowledged. Members of every American ethnic group have perceived racism in their dealings with

18、other groups.第12页/共70页 It is unlawful for people to discriminate or have prejudice against others of any race or color. Race prejudice or color harassment Equal employment opportunity based on race Race immutable characteristic Race isolation 第13页/共70页Glass Ceilings第14页/共70页 While the phrase glass c

19、eiling is metaphorical, many women who find themselves bumping their heads on it find it very real indeed. It is most often used to describe the sexist attitude many women run into at the workplace. In a discussion of ascending the corporate ladder, the word “ceiling” implies that there is a limit t

20、o how far someone can climb it. 第15页/共70页 Along with this implied barrier is the idea that it is glass, meaning that, while it is very real, it is transparent and not obvious to the observer. The term glass ceiling is most often applied in business situations in which women feel, either accurately o

21、r not, that men are deeply entrenched in the upper echelons of power, and women, try as they might, find it nearly impossible to break through. 第16页/共70页 This invisible barrier continues to exist, even though there are no explicit obstacles keeping minorities from acquiring advanced job positions th

22、ere are no advertisements that specifically say “no minorities hired at this establishment”, nor are there any formal orders that say “minorities are not qualified” but they do lie beneath the surface.第17页/共70页 Sexual Discrimination Gender discrimination, also known as sexual discrimination, is the

23、practice of letting a persons sex unfairly become a factor when deciding who receives a job, promotion, or other employment benefit. It most often affects women who feel they have been unfairly discriminated against in favor of a man. But there have also been cases where males have claimed that reve

24、rse discrimination has occurredthat is, the woman received unfairly favorable treatment at the expense of the man.第18页/共70页 Word Study phenomenon n 现象（phen=show显示 + omen预兆+on显示预兆现象） handicap n. 不利条件，障碍 (handi 手 +cap 拿，握住手被控制了) incredulous a. 不信任的 （ in不 + cred 信任 + ulous 形后缀，易的不易信任的，不轻信的 ） eliminate

25、v 淘汰；删除（e出+ limin限制 +ate限制在外 删除，排出）第19页/共70页 undisguise v. (un 不+ dis反常 +guise 举止举止不反常 不伪装) stereotype n. 刻板模式， 固定模式 （stereo立体，固定 +type 模式 固定模式 模式化思想 成见） tokenism n. 表面文章，装装样子 （token 象征 + ism ） predominant a 主要的,支配地位的（pre在前面+dominant支配的起支配作用的） evade 逃出，逃避（e外出+vade走走出去逃避 ）第20页/共70页Language Points: US

26、 Congress: the House of Representatives & the Senate congressman/ congresswoman/ senator Houses of Parliament 第21页/共70页 phenomenon: n. someone or something extremely successful, often because of special qualities or abilities. P1. Being the first black woman elected to Congress has made me some kind

27、 of phenomenon. Because I am the first black woman to be elected to Congress, people think I am something extraordinary. 第22页/共70页 handicap: n. (1) physical or mental disability (2) disadvantage; difficulty e.g. Poor eyesight is a handicap to students. both handicaps: being both black and female. dr

28、awback: disadvantage; difficulty P1. Of the two handicaps, being black is much less of a drawback than being female. Being a woman is a greater disadvantage than being a black. 第23页/共70页strike: v. impress; give the impression of bizarre: adj. odd; strange P2. That there is prejudice against women is

29、 an idea that still strikes nearly all men-and, I am afraid, most women-as bizarre. Almost all men and most women are not aware of their own and other peoples sexual prejudice against women. When someone asserts there is such prejudice in America, they will find it hard to believe. 第24页/共70页 P3. Pre

30、judice against blacks was invisible to most white Americans for many years. For a long time, most white Americans did not realize that they were prejudiced against blacks.The Greenboro Sit-Ins of 1960 第25页/共70页 The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina

31、 in 1960 which led to the Woolworth department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. Accepting the Martin Luther Kings idea of non-violence and peaceful protests, the sit-ins provoked the type of reaction the Civil Rights movement wanted - public conde

32、mnation of the treatment of those involved but also continuing to highlight the issue of desegregation in the South. 第26页/共70页第27页/共70页 The Montgomery Bus Boycott 第28页/共70页Freedom Rides The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two pu

33、blic buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Courts ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. The Freedom Riders set out to challenge this status quo by riding various forms of public transportatio

34、n in the South to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation. Most of the subsequent rides were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), while others belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. 第29页/共70页第30页/共70页 Civil Right Movement (1954-68)第31页/共70页 The A

35、frican-American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. This was the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the

36、South.第32页/共70页 incredulous: a. unwilling to believe sth.; disbelieving; doubtful. liberal: n. open-minded people, respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviors. eliminate: v. remove; eradicate racist attitudes: racial prejudice against black第33页/共70页 P3. It will take years fo

37、r white-including those who think of themselves as liberals - to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have. It will be many years before whites-including those who consider themselves open-minded-become conscious of their own racial prejudice against blacks, and then give it

38、 up. 第34页/共70页brainwash: v. re-educate; influence; force someone to believe something.content: a. satisfied; pleased.第35页/共70页 P4. women in America are much more brainwashed and content with their roles as second-class citizens than blacks ever were. Women in America have been made to believe only w

39、hat American culture wants them to believe about their inferior roles in society. As a result they now feel quite comfortable with their inferior social status. In comparison, blacks had never been so brainwashed and content with their inferior status.第36页/共70页P5. I have done the work-all the tediou

40、s details that make the difference between victory and defeat on election day-while men reaped the rewards Though my part in the campaign seemed to involve only some seemingly insignificant and boring odd jobs, it is these little jobs Ive done that have made us win the election. That is to say, my w

41、ork was critically important. But in the end, men got all the honors and important positions.第37页/共70页 invariably: ad. always; at all times; on every occasion. lot: n. fate; destiny; fortune. hope for: expect to get. card-party: 第38页/共70页 Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States Cons

42、titutional law that justified systems of segregation. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each groups public facilities were (supposedly) to remain equal. The phrase was derived from a Louisian

43、a law of 1890.第39页/共70页第40页/共70页 P6. The best any of them can hope for stuffing and card-party organizing. : After years of stuffing envelopes and organizing card-parties, a woman might be assigned to a position no higher than district or county vice-chairman. Women seem to enjoy equality with men,

44、but, in fact, that is no better than the old racist practice o f segregating white and black passengers in the South. Rewarding the luckiest of women with a position like district vice-chairman is as sexist as the so-called separate-but-equal policy was racist. Prejudice lies behind both practices.第

45、41页/共70页 break out of : manage to change; get away from run: v. stand as a candidate in an election.e.g. run for Governor / President / the Presidency undisguised: a. clearly showed or expressed; obvious; not concealed. hostility: n. unfriendliness; bitterness. 第42页/共70页 P7. From the start of that c

46、ampaign, I face undisguised hostility because of my sex. From the minute I began to run for the New York State Assembly seat, I could feel strongly the prejudice against me simply because I was a woman. Many people tried to stop me and they hardly tried to hide their intention. 第43页/共70页 issue: n. a

47、n important subject that people are discussing P8. Among members of my own party, closed meetings were held to discuss ways of stopping me. In order to prevent me from running for Congress, some of my own party members held secret meetings to find ways to stop me. I was totally kept in the dark. 第44

48、页/共70页 The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965The Civil Rights Movement was at a peak from 1955-1965. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, guaranteeing basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and ma

49、rches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott to the student-led sit-ins of the 1960s to the huge March on Washington in 1963.The Montgomery Bus BoycottSit-InsThe Freedom Rides Birmingham The March on Washington Mississippi and Freedom Summer Selma, Alabama第45页/共70页James Leonard Farmer Jr

50、. 第46页/共70页 James Leonard Farmer, Jr. (January 12, 1920 July 9, 1999) was a civil rights activist, a leader of the American civil rights movement of the 1940s, 50s and 60s, and the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride which eventually led to the desegregration of inter-state busing in th

51、e United States.第47页/共70页 In 1942, Farmer and a group of students co-founded the Committee of Racial Equality, later known as the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), an organization that sought to bring an end to racial segregation in America through active nonviolence. Farmer was the organizations

52、first leader, serving as the national chairman from 1942 to 1944. He held the position as an honorary chairman in the Democratic Socialists of America. 第48页/共70页project: v. present.masculine: a. having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical or suitable for me; manly; muscular A

53、fro haircuts: 第49页/共70页 dashikis: A gender role is a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific gender. Proponents of g

54、ender role theory assert that observed gender differences in behavior and personality characteristics are, at least in part, socially constructed, and therefore, the product of socialization experiences; this contrasts with other models of gender that assert that gender differences are essential to

55、biological sex. Research supports this theory, finding gender differences in almost all societies, but with differences in the norms adopted, suggesting that gender differences are, at least partly, influenced by culture.第50页/共70页 stereotype: n. a fixed wrong image,P10. The happy homemaker and the c

56、ontented darky are both stereotypes produced by prejudice. The popular but false image of women who are happy with the role of caregiver at home and that of black people who were satisfied with life as it was are both the results of prejudice.第51页/共70页 tokenism: n. actions that pretend to give advan

57、tage to groups that are treated unfairly, in order to give the appearance of fairness. P11. Women have not even reached the level of tokenism that blacks are reaching. Apparently American society is making some effort to create the impression that blacks are treated as whites equals, though that eff

58、ort is symbolic, pretentious and far from sincere. But American women are even not as fortunate as American blacks, for even that symbolic effort is not being made in their respect.第52页/共70页 sit on: be a member of.Cabinet: n. a group of the most senior and powerful ministers or advisors to a preside

59、nt, who meet regularly to discuss and decide policies.predominate: v. to be the largest in number or the most important.menial: adj. boring; tiring; humble; low-status.unrewarding: adj. not giving you any feelings of achievement or pleasure. dead-end jobs: jobs that offer no possibility for promotio

60、n (advancement)第53页/共70页 build up: recommend; tell people that someone is very special.e.g. They used publicity to build up their candidates. P13. Why invest time and effort to build the girl up? Why should we bother to spend so much time and effort to prepare the girl for a career in politics?第54页/