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1、动词不定式和动名词一、动词不定式用法动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特 征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外,动词不定式具有动词 特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语,组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to do;其否定形式是not to do。下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。1作主语可以直接作主语。如: To see is to believe(1) 但在英语中,常用 it 作形式主语,真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如:Its wrong to play tricks onother pe

2、ople Its our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy 点击规律:动词不定式在句中作主语时, 常放在 It is adj(形容词) to do sth或 It is n(名词) to do sth句型中, it 仅作形式主语。(2) 如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,就在 It + be + 形容词 +to do sth 该句型中的不定式之前加 for sb 或 of sb。 在形容词 hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful

3、, dangerous, safe 等 之后常用 for sb,即构成句型: It + be + 形容词 +for sb to do sth。e.g.I ts not easy for us to learn a foreign language well.It s dangerousf or you to swim in the river. 该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式,强调的是做某事怎么样。 在形容词 nice, kind, clever, foolish (愚蠢的 ), polite (有礼貌的 ), careless, careful 等之后,常用 of sb,即构 成句型: It

4、 + be + 形容词 +of sb + to do sth e.g. It is very kind of you to help me.It was wrong ofthem to cut the trees.该句型中的形容词主要修饰人,表示某人的性质或特征,强调的是这个人怎么样。(3) it 作形式主语时,其后的谓语也可以是实义动词。 e.g. It took us five hours to get there. It made me happy to find my friends there.(4) 动词不定式与疑问词 how, what, when, where, which 等

5、构成不定式短语,也可作主语。 e.g. How to use the computer is the question. Where to go has not been decided. 注意:主语,表语都为动词不定式时,不能用形式主语 it 代替不定式。 e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为 实。2作宾语 awant,decide ,agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。 如 We agreed to start early She wants to be a doctorblove, like ,begin,start,hate ,prefer 等词后面可以接不

6、定式。 点击规律:上述动词后面除接不定 式外,还可以接动名词,意思无很大区别。提示板:like doing 指经常性动作,而 like to do 指一次性的动作。如: I like swimming ,but I dont like to swim now我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。c stop,forget, remember,go on ,try 等词或短语后面可以接不定式。 点击规律:上述动词后面接不定 式和接动名词意思大不相同。提示板: 1)stop to do sth:停止一件事,去做另一件事。 stop doing sth:停止正在做的事。例句:When the teacher

7、came in,the students stopped talking;when he came ou,t the students stopped to talk 当 老师走进来时,学生们停止说话;当老师走出去时,学生们又开始说话。2)思考: forget,remember, go on,try 等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别 d在 find feelit adj to do sth句型中, it 是形式宾语, 真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。 如: The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep I feel it e

8、asy to recite the text点击规律:某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语,又可接动名词作宾语,二者用法上的区别可 以通过造句子加以区分,如上面 stop 例句。3作宾语补足语 atell,ask,want,order,teach,invite,warn,wish,help,get,wish,help 等词后面 常接不定式作宾补。如 I tell him not to go there by bus Edisons mother taught him to read and write blet,make,have,see,hear,feel,watch, notice

9、后面接不带 to 的不定式作宾补。如: The boss makes them work 16 hours a day I heard her sing in the next room提示板:若变成被动语态,在上述结构中,不定式符号 to 要加上。如: They are made to work 16 hours a day by the bossShe was heard to sing in the next room4作定语:放在被修饰的名词、 代词后面例句: I have a lot of work to do.The doctor said he could do nothing

10、to help the boy点击规律:动词不定式若在句中作定语,常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。 提示板:如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系, 若动词是不及物动词, 切记不要忘掉介词。 如: I have a small bedroom to live in Have you got some pens to write with?5表语:放在连系动词 be 后面 例句: His wish is to become a scientist The first important thing is to save the soldiers lives点击规律:动词不定式在句中作表语时,通

11、常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。6作状语 a目的状语:放在 go,come,use,live ,in order等词后面。如 I come to see you He runs fast in order to get there in timeb原因状语:放在 sorry,glad,surprised, disappointed,excited等词后面。如 I am glad to see you here I am sorry to trouble youc作结果状语。如: Some of the apples are hard to reach The room is large e

12、nough to hold 1000 people7与 what,who,whose,when,where, how 等疑问词连用, 作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。 如: I dont know what to do next(宾语) He taught us how to use the computer(宾语补足语) Its still a question how to get there(主语)二、动名词的用法 动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式,由动词 + ing 构成,否定形式为 not doing,具有动词和名词的性质,在 句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1. 作主语动名词是

13、由动词变化而来,所以,动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如: Walking is good exercise. Seeing is believing. Smoking may cause cancer. Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. Swimming develops the muscles. 动名词作主语时,对于一些比较长的动名词短语,一般采用 It is 和There is 两种句式来表示。例 如: Its nice talking with you. Its no use arguing with him

14、. It is no good learning without practice. It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again. There is no joking about such matters. There is no harm in doing so.2、作定语动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍,一般只限于单个的动名词作定语,表示 “用于 的”或表示 “处于某件事情中的 ”含义。例如: swimming pool 游泳池reading material 阅读材料walking stick 手杖opening speec

15、h 开幕词listening aid 助听器 running water 自来水developing countries 发展中国家 working people 劳动人民 sleeping child 熟睡孩子 当分词短语做后置定语时, 可以转换成定语从句。 例:She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. = She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai. There are two roads before us, one leading to the beac

16、h, the other to the park.= There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.3、作表语 动名词作表语的时候,特别要注意:不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语,表达的是 “某 件事”等。例如: His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. (动名词) Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. (动名词) 他们的任务是在西部探查油矿

17、。动名词作表语,容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。记住:动名词表语表达的是 “某件事 ”与(不定式短语的意 义相近 ),而现在分词表语表示 “具有某个作用 ”。例如:The situation is very much encouraging(. 现在分词) His present job is not that stimulating as he expected(. 现 在分词) Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year. (不定式)His wish is to become a pilot. (不定式)

18、4、作宾语 。如: He is fond of playing football.I like swimming.admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel,like ,finish ,forgive, give up,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest,can t help (情不自禁), cant stan(d 无法忍受)等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式

19、。forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try 等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上 有区别。 Lets go on studying Leosns 6. (让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。)Let s go on to study Lesson 6(. 让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。)I remember doing the exercise. (我记得做过练习。) I must remember to do it. (我必须记着做这事。)I tried not to go there. (我设法不去那里。) I tri

20、ed doing it again. (我试着又干了一次。)Stop speaking. (不要讲话。) He stopped to talk. (他停下来讲话。)I mean to come early today. (我打算今天早些来。) Missing the train means waiting for another hour. (误了 这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。) 在 allow ,advise, forbid ,permit 等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语, 其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如: We dont allow smoking here.

21、 We don allow st tudents to smoke. 动词 need,require,want 作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示 事情需要做, 这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。 如:The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned. Her method is worth trying. 在短语 devote to,look forward to ,stick to,to be used to,object to,than

22、k you for,excuse me for,be(kept) busy, have difficulty/trouble/problem(in) ,have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),there s no use/good/n,eed feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如: I look forward to hearing from you soon. 在 love,hate, prefer,like 等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时,指一般情 况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行

23、为。 start,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式。但start和 begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语:当主语是物而不是人时;当 start 或 begin 以-ing 形式出现时,当后面作宾语的动 词表示感情、思想或意念时。如:It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. 在 should(would) like/love 等后须用不定式。5、动名词作状语 动名词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作, 它对谓

24、语动词起修饰和陪衬 的作用。动名词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden时. (间) Being ill, he couldnt go to school. (原因)Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (条件) Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. (让步) My car was caught

25、 in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果 ) Travelingby train, we visited a number of cities. ( 方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴小结一后面可跟动词的 ing 形式的情况1. 动词: finish doing sth.完成做某事; enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事; practice doing sth. 练习做某事; imagine doing,想象做某事; avoid doing s

26、th.避免做某事; consider doing sth.考虑做某事; suggest doing sth.建议做某 事; mind doing sth.介意做某事; keep doing sth.持续做某事2. 固定短语: feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事; be busy doing sth忙. 于做某事; be worth doing 值得做某事; spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事; have difficult/trouble in doing sth 做某事有困难; have fun doing.做某事高兴3. 介词后 (o

27、n, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by 等 )如:be good at doing sth;. thank you for doing sth.;give up doing sth.;stop sb. from doing sth.;do well in doing sth.;be afraid of doing sth.;be interested in doing sth;. be proud of;instead of; be fond of4. to 作介词的情况 look forward to doing sth

28、期望做某事; prefer doing sth. to doing sth与相比较更喜欢; pay attention to doing注意做某事; be/get used to doing sth习. 惯于做某事; make a contribution to 为做贡 献二后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况1. 动词: agree to do同意去做; afford to do 买得起; decide to do决定去做某事; hope to do 希望去做; wish to do希望去做; fail to do 做某事失败去; plan to do 打算去做; pretend to do假装去

29、做; refuse to do拒绝 去做; would like to do 想要去做; want to do想要去做某事; learn to do 学做; prefer to do sth. 喜欢(爱) 做某事; sb. seem to do sth好像做某事; want/would like to do sth. 想做; used to do sth. 过去常做某事2. 句型.allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事 asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某 事)tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不

30、要)做某事follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事)be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 be excited to do sth. 对做感 到兴奋be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事 be/get ready to do sth准. 备做 某事be sorry to do sth.

31、 对做某事感到抱歉be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇 can t wait to do sht. 迫不 急待地去做某事get/have a chance to do sth.得 到一个做某事的机会 It s + .a+d(jfor sb.) to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)怎 么样It +sadj. +(of sb.) to do sth. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth.花 费某人多长时间做某事(常考)It s best for. tsob do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的It s time for

32、. stob do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了too (for sb.) to 太以致不能 =not enough to doprefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿而不愿 something to eat/drink 一些吃 /喝的东西(词不定式放在 something 等后修饰这些 Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难 /容易take turns to do sth. 轮流做There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对(某人来说)没时间做某事了There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事try/do one s best to d. o 尽st力h 去做某事三、后既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的情况: 1、后加不定式或动名词意思相近的动词 有些动词接 doing 和 to do 意义相近像 like(喜欢 ),love(

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