句子成分分析

1、第三章 重要词性了解一、名词名词分类普通名词个体名词表示人或物的个体，如：teacher, pen, hand集体名词表示个体组成的集合体，如：family, team, police物质名词表示无法分为个体的固体、液体、气体等实物，如：ice, water, gas抽象名词表示抽象概念的，如性质、状态、情感等的名词，如：sadness, happiness, work专有名词人名、地名、机构、事物、组织、概念、节日等。名词复数构成规律规则变化一般直接在名词后加-s以字母-s,-sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词后加-es以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，把-f/-fe改为-v，再加-es以-0结尾

2、的名词的复数多数加-es以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要把y改为i，再加-es不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母单复数形式相同，如：sheep, deer, fish, means表示某国人的名词的复数形式因习惯不同而各异a.单复数形式相同（多以ese结尾），如：Chinese, , Swissb.词尾加-s（多以-an结尾），如：Americans, Koreans, Indiansc.将man变成men，将woman变成 women，如：Englishman-Englishmen其他形式，如：mousemice, child- children名词所有格加-s/-s名词单数形式,用-s,表示,

3、如: the girls books复数形式,用s表示,如Teachers books注：所有格后所接名词表示地点时候，地点名词可省略。如：the doctors复合名词在最后的名词后加s，如brother-in-laws books表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市，地点无生命的名词也可用s形式来表示其所有关系，如：three days walk借助介词of无生命的物体的名词所有格常用of表示。如：the cover of the book双重所有格由s所有格和of所有格组合修饰名词，如：an old friend of Toms二、代词种类人称人称代词物主代词反身代词第一人称I, we, m

4、e, usmy, our, mine, oursmyself, ourselves第二人称youyour, yoursyourself,yourselves第三人称we, he, she, ithis, her, its, hers, theirshimself, herself,itself, themselves指示代词this, that, these, those, such, the same不定代词all, both, neither, none, either, each, many, few, little,another, much, one, ones, some, any

5、以及no-/some-/any-/every-+body/one/thing疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which相互代词each, other, one, another, each others, one anothersExercises:1. Here is the that his younger brother loves best.A. coffee cup B. coffees cup C. cup of coffee D. coffee of cup2. Mr. Tony always has to tell his students at the

6、 beginning of his lectures.A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news3. As a businessman, Mr. Li gained his by selling famous of English and American writers.A. wealth; work B. wealth; works C. wealths ; works D. wealths ; work4. He i

7、s a kind-hearted man. People can get on well with him.A. Few B. A little C. Quite a few D. Little5. The post office isnt far from here. Its only bicycle ride.A. half an hours B. an hour and a half C. half an hour D. half an hours6. The population of Shanghai very big and most of its population nativ

8、e people.A. are ; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are7. Would you like to have ,Tom?No, thanks, l have had enough.A. any more orange and apples B. some more oranges and applesC. any more oranges and apples D. some more oranges and apple8. Which do you prefer to drink, or coffee? , please. A. teas;

9、Two tea B. tea; Two tea C. tea; Two teas D. teas; Two teas9. lt was really to get a present from him on her birthday party that she couldnt believe it, looking at him in .A. such big surprise; a surprise B. such a big surprise; surpriseC. so big surprise; a surprise D. such big surprise; surprise10.

10、 These are bikes. The twin brothers like them very much.A. Jacks and Jerrys B. Jacks and Jerry C. Jacks and Jerry B. Jack and Jerrys11. How much water is there in the bottle? .Youd better come to fetch another bottle.A. A little B. Nothing C. No one D. None12. Bill works harder than in his class. He

11、 is the most excellent student l have met.A. the other boys B. other boys C. any boy D. another boy三、形容词一、成分成 分例 句定 语One of the most common languages used for creating web pages is called HTML.Who is the greatest woman writer alive in the world?表 语After getting her hair cut, she looked even more bea

12、utiful宾语补足语With the window open, many things in the shop were stolen at night.状 语The bird fell onto the ground, dead.二、比较级此外，初中还安排了形容词比较级、最高级的语法点学习。其变化规则如下表：规 则原 级比较级最高级单音节形容词在词尾加-er；-esthighfewhigherfewerhighestfewest以字母e结尾的形容词在词尾加-r；-stlargewidelarger widerlargest widest以重读闭音节结尾的形容词，末尾只有一个元音字母加一个辅

13、音字母结尾，应先双写该辅音字母，然后加-er；-estthinbighotthinnerbiggerhotterthinnestbiggesthottest以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，须先将y变成i，然后加-er；-esthappyfunnyhappierfunnierhappiestfunniest多音节形容词前加more变比较级；加the most变最高级beautifulinterestingmore beautifulmore interestingthe most beautifulthe most interesting部分不规则的形容词变化如下表：原级比较级最高级goodbett

14、erbestbad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest三、具体用法1、只能修饰形容词原级的词very, quite, so, too. 例如：He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至不能再继续走了。My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快以至我跟不上他。2、含有asas（与一样）的原级表达句式。例如：Tom is as

15、 old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。Tom is twice as old as Kate. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的两倍。Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。【注意】1、否定形式not asas 也可以用成not soas“不如不及。”例如：He doesnt walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。2、可以修饰比较级的词much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far(得多)，a little

16、, a bit(一点儿)，even(甚至)，still(仍然)，any(用于否定、疑问句中)。例如：Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。This train runs much faster than that one. 这辆火车比那辆跑得快。She drives still more carefully than her husband. 她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。【典型例题】1、The experiment was easie

17、r than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案C。much可修饰比较级，easier本身已是比较级，不能再用more.2、最高级表示三者及三者以上事物间的比较，常与of，in连用。例如：The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. 长江比中国其他任何一条河都长。Of all the planets, the Mercu

18、ry is the nearest to the sun. 在所有的行星中，水星离太阳最近。3、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。例如：He is getting taller and taller. 他长得越来越高了.The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。4、“the + 比较级the+比较级”表示“越，就越”。例如：The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes youll make. 你越认真，犯的错误就越少。【典型例题】 children there are in a fami

19、ly, their life will be.A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the better C. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer答案B。由句意得知“家里孩子越少，生活会越好。”children是可数名词，应用few来修饰。四、形容词与不定代词的搭配连用当形容词和不定代词something, anything, noting, everything连用时，这些代词应放在前面，形容词在后面。例如：Do you have anything interesting to tell us all today? 今天有啥有趣的

20、事情跟我们大家说说吗？Take it easy. There is nothing serious with your disease, which is just a cold. 别紧张，你的病无大碍，只是感冒而已。【典型例题】I have to do today.A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something答案B。形容词修饰不定代词时应放在其后面。故排除C、D。句意是“我今天有重要的事情要做”，表示肯定用something.五、形容词与enough的搭配连用当

21、形容词enough和不定代词连用时，形容词放在前面，enough在后面。例如：Charlie was lucky enough to have been taken to the Loch Ness with families. 查理足够幸运地被家人带着去过尼斯湖。【注意】1. 只能用作定语，不能用作表语的形容词：little, wooden , golden, many, elder不能说The boy is little. The watch is golden / wooden.2. 只能作表语，不能用作定语的形容词：well, ill, alone, content, unable,

22、worth, afraid, alive, asleep, ashamed, awake, aware例如：an ill boy, an alone village就是用错的短语。可以说an ill idea“坏点子”，ill当定语时是转义，不是“有病的”了。3. 英语形容顺序当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列？为什么不能说a black new pen,而是说成a new black pen? 这里面有无规则可循？如果你记住下列口决：好美小高状其新，颜色国料特别近。那你就能掌握英语中系列形容词做前置定语时的排列问题。“好”代表评价性的形容词，如nice, good, kind等；

23、“美”指描述物体给人的心理感受的形容词，如beautiful, pretty, handsome, ugly, good-looking, lovely等；“小”指描述物体大小的形容词，如small, big, large, little等；“高”指描述物体的高低/矮的形容词，如tall, high, short, deep, wide, shallow, thick等；“状”指描述物体形状的形容词。如round, square, narrow等;“其”是整个口诀中的语气词，无含义。“新”指描述物体新旧的形容词。如new, old young等。“颜色”就是red, green, blue,

24、pink, black, yellow, purple这类词语。“国”也就是描述国籍类的形容词。如Chinese, Germany, Russian, Spanish等。“料”指描述物体制成所用的材料。如plastic, metal, wood, aluminum, wool, cotton, glass, steel等。英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如a nice long new black British plastic pen 当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。4. 英语同源形容词的区别在英语中某些词有两种或两种以上的形容词形式，它们词形相近，但词义

25、不同，容易用错。 v-ing 表示事物的特征 v-ed 表示人的心理感受frightening 令人恐惧的Frightened对感到恐惧delightingdelightedannoyingannoyedexcitingexcited【典型例题】The boy on the tree asked in a voice,“Are you sure Im going to land on the mat？”A. happy B. frightened C. frightening D. embarrassing答案B。树上的孩子害怕地问道：“你们确信我会落到垫子上吗？”a frightened v

26、oice,表明树上的孩子心理很恐惧。5.“定冠词the+形容词”表示一类人或物，用做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：the young 年青人 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者the disabled 残疾人 the old/aged老年人 the injured受伤人员E.g: The injured in the traffic accident have been rushed to the nearest hospital. 交通事故中受伤的人员已经被迅速送到最近的医院去了。6.“not +比较级”并不表示否定，而是表示正面的肯定。例如：I couldnt agree

27、more. 我绝对赞同。You couldnt have chosen a better gift for me.你挑选给我的是最好的礼物。7. 并非所有的形容词都有比较级。如：superior, senior, junior, similar, different, necessary, impossible等形容词没有比较级、最高级的用法。【典型例题】After we compare the two, we find this design is that one.A. more superior to B. far superior than C. more superior than

28、D. far superior to答案D。“对比之后，我们发现这款设计比那一款要优越”。形容词superior没有比较级形式，选项A.C.用了比较级，故错误；superior 与to搭配连用，故B也错。8. 连系动词seem, feel, sound, appear, remain, look, go, turn, get, become常接形容词构成系表结构。例如：The witness remained silent over the matter for some reasons. 出于某些原因，目击者对此事保持沉默。Your proposal sounds very practica

29、l. 你的提议听起来很实用。Exercises:1. Several hours later, with the help of the police, the students managed to escape from the dangerous place, .A. hungry and frightened B. hungrily and frighteningC. hungry and frightening D. hungrily and frightened2. l feel even now.A . bad B. well C. worse D. worst3. She wa

30、s very happy. She ran of all the runners.A. fastest B. the quickest C. slowest D. quickly4. Keep quiet, please. Its noisy here.A. many too B. too many C. much too D. too much5. Have you spoken to a foreigner? No, A. already; never B. ever; never C. yet; already D. ever; ever6. He is taller than in h

31、is class.A. any boy B. any c. any other boy D. some other boys7. English is as as Chinese. You should learn it well.A. important B. more important C. the most important D. much more important8. Music is not so useful as science. Its useful than science.A. fewer B. less C. more D. a lot9. Weve never

32、heard of story before.A. such a strange B. such strange C. so a strange D. so strange10. You must wear glasses. They can keep your eyes A. soft B. safe C. safely D. safety11. The box is heavy for the girl carry.A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to12. As far as Im concerned, education is about

33、 learning and the more you learn, .A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you areC. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life 四、副词一、成分1、作状语We should listen to the teachers carefully in class. 我们在课上应该仔细听讲。（副词修饰动词）You are quite right. 你相当正确。（

34、修饰形容词）He parked the car very easily. 他很容易地把汽车停放好了。(修饰副词)I usually go to school at 6:40 every morning. 我通常每天6点40去上学。（修饰整个句子）2、作定语有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语，放在所修饰词的后边。People there used to drink or use the water in the river. 过去那儿的人们饮用那条河里的水。【注意】副词作定语时和介词短语作定语一样，一律后置。3、作表语作表语的副词多数是表示位置的，如in, out, on, back, dow

35、n, up, off, away, upstairs.He is in. 他在家。Whats on this evening? 今晚演什么节目？I must be off mow. 我现在必须走了。4、作宾语补足语Let them in.让他们进来。We saw her off two days ago. 两天前我们为她送行。二、副词在句中的位置1、在形容词之前。Its extremely hot today.Wind is a kind of environmentally friendly energy.2、在be动词、助动词之后。Im terribly sorry for what I

36、have done to you.English is widely used all over the world.3、多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。但须注意：大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们能清晰地看到一束奇怪的光在我们的前头。方式副词well, badly（糟、坏），hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.4、地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末。【注意】地点副词作状语时要后置，不属于这种情况。Ill

37、 wait for you here. 我将在这儿等你。（地点副词）Ill meet him at the station tomorrow. 明天我将去车站接他。（时间副词）Tomorrow Ill meet him at the station.The boy wrote the homework quickly. 这个男孩子写作业很快。（方式副词）They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday. 昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。(方式地点时间)【注意】有时为了强调时间，也可把时间副词放在句首。Last week the s

38、tudents all worked well here. 这些学生上周在这里都做得很好。5、频度副词在句子位置有以下两种：在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。例如：She is always kind to us. 她对我们总是很好。（动词）I can never forget the day. 我永远也不能忘掉这一天。（情态动词）The work has never been done. 这件工作永远也做不完。在实义动词之前。例如：He often goes to school late.三、副词的比较级和最高级规则副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样的，这里不再赘述。仅举几

39、例：hard harder hardest fast faster fastestlate- later - latest early earlier earliest不规则副词well better - best much more mostbadly worse - worst little less least但是，派生类副词即以后缀-ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加-er 或-est，如quickly - more quickly - most quickly quietly - more quietly - most quietly【注意】early 中的ly不是后缀，故可以把y变i

40、再加-er和-est四、副词的排列顺序1、时间、地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。Lets make it 8:30 tomorrow morning.2、方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3、多个不同副词排列，程度+地点+方式+时间副词【注意】副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。（错）I very like English.(对) I like English very much.【注意】副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him

41、 well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.五、副词的构成除了often, seldom, always, already, ever, fast, straight等副词外，一般情况下，在形容词末尾加上-ly就成了副词，一些以-l结尾的形容词变副词时须双写l,然后加-ly。如：slow slowly, quick quickly , clear clearly, obvious obviouslyphysical physically, mental mentally, peaceful peacefully另外少数-le结尾的

42、形容词变副词时，-le直接换成-ly。Terrible Terribly gentle gently comfortable comfortably true truly但需注意：下列-ly结尾的词多用做形容词。friendly, deadly, lovely, lively, likely, lonely, weekly, monthly, orderly, warmly六、come, go, head, arrive等动词与下列副词连用时，不用介词。drive downtown驾车去商业区 go upstairs上楼 come downstairs下楼live abroad住在国外 sta

43、y indoors呆在室内 play outdoors在户外玩go home回家 get there去那儿 arrive here 到这儿衔接学习：1、否定副词(no, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, few等)置于句首用部分倒装。例如Hardly had the criminal arrived at the airport when the policemen arrested him. 罪犯一到机场就被警察抓住。Seldom does my father drink unless there comes a good friend. 我

44、父亲很少饮酒，除非有好朋友来。Under no circumstances will Mary give up the idea of going go college. 任何情况下玛丽都不会放弃上大学的想法2、当副词here, there, now, out, in, up, down, away, then, back, off等放在句首时，须用完全倒装句式。Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。Now comes your turn! 现在轮到你了。The door opened, and in came Mr Wan. 门开了，万先生进来了。A strong wind

45、blew and away went his hat. 一阵强风刮来，他的帽子飞走了。3、高中有这些词如：strangely, unfortunately, obviously, clearly, additionally, hopefully常用于句首修饰整个句子，对整个句子做评注。Unfortunately，the village was covered by a heavy mud storm. 很不幸地，这个村庄被泥石流给埋没了。Obviously , they have already known the result of the interview. 显然他们已经知晓面试的结果。

46、Hopefully the problem will be solved soon. 这个问题有望很快得到解决。4、兼有两种形式的副词(1)close与closelyclose意思是“近”; closely意思是“仔细地“。例如：He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.(2)late 与latelylate 意思是“晚”；lately意思是“最近”。例如：You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?(3)deep与deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示

47、感情上的深度，“深深地”。例如：He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.(4)high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much.例如：The plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.(5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”，例如：He opened his mouth wide.English is widely used in the world.(6)free与freelyfree的意思是“免费”;freely的意思是“无限制地”。例如You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely, say what you like.5、有些副词如：however, therefore, nevertheless, thus, meanwhile等用在句中，起前后过度作用。例如：There is little chanc