深层语法之虚拟

1、2014.08.27课时第二十九动词虚拟式一、虚拟式的语义特征虚拟式( The subjunctive mood /Thought mood) 是用来表示主观愿望或不大可能实现的假想的虚拟情况的一种说话方式。(一) 真实条件句与虚拟条件句对比真实条件句如: If you touch me, Ill scream.如果你摸我, 我就尖叫。( 这是真的)If he told you that last night, John was lying.如果约翰昨夜跟你那样说了, 那他是在撒谎。( 真的说过了)虚拟条件句如: If you beat me, Id scream.假如你现在打了我, 我就尖叫

2、了。( 与现在相反, 不是真的)If he had told you that last night, John would have been lying.倘若约翰昨夜跟你那样说了, 那就是他撒谎了。( 与过去相反, 实际并没说)(二) 含蓄虚拟条件句虚拟的条件不一定是条件从句, 也可以是用介词短语或非限定分句( 动词不定式、动名词、分词) 等表现的条件状语。这种虚拟式的句子往往是简单句。这种缩短了的或凝练的条件句( Condensed Conditional Sentences ) 称作含蓄条件句( Sentences of Implied Condition) , 多用于正式文件如: I

3、t would be a pity for you to miss the show. = If you missed the show, it would be a pity.倘若你误了这次展(演) 出的机会, 那将会是一件憾事。( for you to miss 不定式词组表示含蓄虚拟条件)Reading without thorough comprehension wouldnt do you much good.读书若不求甚解, 对你是不会有很大帮助的。 ( Reading. . . , 动名词组表示含蓄虚拟条件 Ten years ago, I could have swum acr

4、oss the Channel.若在十年前, 我可以游过英吉利海峡。( Ten years ago, 时间状语表示含蓄虚拟句的条件)二、虚拟式的用法特征虚拟式共分两大类型: were 型和be 型。( 一) were 型虚拟式指动词谓语用各种过去时态之一。若动词谓语是be 动词, 则各人称一律用were, 不规范的英语句子中也有人用was。were 型用于表示自己的主观假设, 句中常隐藏有一个“ 暗含的否定”。were 型虚拟式用于下列句型:1. 带副词从句的复合句或带状语的简单句( 1) If I were a bird, I would fly to you.假如我现在是一只鸟儿, 我就会

5、飞到你身边。( 暗含的否定是: Im not a bird, so I cant fly to you. )If I were not a teacher , I would beat you.假如我现在不是教师, 我就会揍你一顿。( 暗含的否定: I am a teacher, so I can not beat you. )此外还可使用下列if 的同义词、近义词或反义词引导的虚拟条件句:Suppose / Supposing /What if I accepted his offer, what would you say?But that you helped us, we should

6、 have failed. (暗含的否定是: You helped us, so we succeeded. )If the sun stopped shining, living things would perish.如果太阳停止发光, 一切生物都会死亡。In case of your help( = If you helped me) , I would finish the job ahead of two days.如果你帮助我, 我就会提前两天结束这一工作。( in case 所引导的从句如果是必然发生的事实, 也可用陈述式。)如: Take warm clothes in cas

7、e the weather is cold.拿上棉衣吧! 以防天气变冷。She worried for fear ( that) the child would be hurt.她很忧虑, 惟恐孩子会受伤。( for fear 所引导的从句如果是必然发生的事实, 从句谓语也可以用陈述式。Take an umbrella with you, for fear it may rain.你拿上雨伞吧, 怕要下雨了。( 2) He walks as if / as though he were drunk. 但He walks as if he is drunk. (陈述式) 意思不同。如: I re

8、ad an excellent book, it is to me just a s if I had gained a new friend. Oliver Goldsmith每当我读一本好书时, 我觉得就好像我又获得了一位新的良师益友。奥利弗·哥德史密斯( 英国作家)2. 带名词从句的复合句(1) Id rather you came tomorrow. I would much rather she had asked me to stay there overnight that night.如果不接从句, would rather 要接动词原形:如: We would ra

9、ther die on our feet than live on our knees. Franklin Delano宁愿站着死, 也不跪着生。弗兰克林·罗斯福( 美国第32 任总统)(2) I could go myself, but I would sooner you went.(3) I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish it ha d snowed yesterday. = If only it ha d snowed yesterday.注一: wish 与hope 有“ 两同三不同”, 如: wish 与ho

10、pe 的用法的两个相同点:( 1) wish / hope 都可加to do sth: I hope /wish to hear from you soon.( 2) wish / hope 都可加for sth:wish 与hope 的用法的三个不同点:( 1) wish sb. to do sth. ( hope 不能接sb. to do sth. ) Do you really wish me to go?( 2) wish + 双宾语, 表示祝愿( hope 不能接双宾语)I wish you a Merry Christmas. I wish you many happy retur

11、ns of theday. 祝你圣诞快乐! 祝你年年生日快乐!( 3) wish + that 从句谓语用虚拟式; hope + that 从句谓语用陈述式。I wish they would agree with me. ( But in fact they cant. )I hope they ca n agree with me.注二: “would rather /would sooner + that 从句”, that 从句的谓语动词要用were 型虚拟式; that 从句的主语与主句的主语不同表示“ 宁愿别人.”。若把would sooner 改成原级would( just) a

12、s soon 意思一样= would sooner; 较正式would rather 也可接be 型虚拟式用动词原形。 表示与现在事实相反的假设, that 从句动词谓语要用一般过去时:如: I would rather /would sooner you didnt tell me about that.我倒希望你不要对我讲那件事了。= I would as soon you didnt tell me about that. 表示与过去事实相反的假设, that 从句动词谓语要用过去完成时:Id sooner he had told me about it / hadnt told me

13、about it.我宁愿他过去告诉过我/没告诉过我。 简答句: 跟现在相反用didnt, 跟过去相反用hadnt.如: Frank wants to buy a motorbike. Id rather he didnt.弗兰克想买辆摩托车。我倒宁愿他现在不买。 疑问句:如: Wouldnt you rather work here?难道你不愿意在这儿工作吗?No , I wouldnt. 是的, 我不愿意。( 4 ) Its ( high ) time we went to bed. Its ( about) time you weregoing.注三: Its time 后面不可用否定结构

14、。可有下列六种句式: for lunch. / for bed. to have lunch. /to go to bed. for us to have lunch. / for us to go to bed. Its time we had lunch. /we went to bed. we ( should) have lunch. /we ( should) go to bed. we were having lunch. /we were going to bed.疑问句: Isnt it about time our baby could walk? ( 不可用would)难道

15、我们的孩子不是已经到了该会走路的时候了吗?简答句: I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.对露西姨送的礼物我还没有表示感谢呢。Its time you did. 你早该谢她了。注四: Its time that. . . 中的that是连词, 应看作是time 的同位语从句, 不是定语从句。注五: 不要把Its time 与It is( was, will be) the first( the second)time 句型相混淆。后者That /This / It is ( was /will be) the first time的谓

16、语为一般现在/ 过去/ 将来时, 而后面的that 从句必须用相应的完成时。但当主句是一般将来时will be 时, that 从句的谓语动词逻辑上应该用将来完成时, 但习惯上都用现在完成时代替将来完成时。句型It is the first time + that 从句动词谓语用现在完成时This was the second time + that 从句动词谓语用过去完成时That will be the third time + that 从句动词谓语用现在完成时如: It is the first time I have ever been on a stage.那是我第一次登上舞台。T

17、his is the first time ( that) I have heard her sing.这是我头一回听见她唱歌。(二) be 型虚拟式指美国英语中动词谓语一律用动词原形, 而英国英语用should +动词原形。be 型虚拟式用于表示祈使他人。这和祈使句用动词原形是一样的。句中没有暗含的否定。be 型虚拟式用于下列句型:1. 带副词从句的复合句( 目的副词从句, 条件副词从句, 让步副词从句, 原因副词从句等)( 1) He stood away so that she ( should ) enter first. ( BrE要加should; AmE只用动词原形) ( 目的副

18、词从句)但I am going to make an early start so that I dont get stuck in the traffic. ( 目的能达到就用陈述式)( 2) The teacher spoke slowly in order that the students ( should)understand. (目的副词从句)但We ought to write to him in order that he doesnt feel were hiding things from him. (陈述式)( 3 ) He put his coat over her f

19、or fear / lest she ( should) catch cold. ( 目的副词从句)但He always keeps the machine tools clean lest corrosion生锈 occurs.( 陈述式)( 4) Ill get some beer in case Mary should come. ( 虚拟式) (来的可能性不大) ( 目的副词从句)但Ill get some beer in case Mary comes. (陈述式) (肯定会来)( 5) Though everyone desert you, I will not. ( 让步副词从句

20、)( 6) Im sorry that you ( should ) be in such poor health. (原因副词从句)= Im sorry because you are in such poor health.( 7) They have decided to build a reservoir, whatever the difficulties be. (让步副词从句)( 8) If he be elected chairman, we shall all resign.（条件副词从句)( 9) I shall follow him even though he slay

21、( 杀, 书面语) me. (让步副词从句)( 10) Whatever be your reason for that, we shall not tolerate your dishonesty.不管你干出这事是什么原因, 我们都不能容忍你的不忠。(让步副词从句)( 11) Whether he confess or not, he shall face the severest punishment.不管他是否招供, 他都将要面对最最严酷的惩罚。(让步副词从句)( 12) Home is home, be it ever so homely.金窝银窝, 不如自己的草窝。(让步副词从句)(

22、 13) No man loves his fetters, be they made of gold.D. B. Heyward即使是金子做的镣铐, 也没有人喜欢戴。(让步副词从句)海沃德(美国作家)( 14) Let justice be done, though heaven fall. Latin proverb即使天塌下来, 也要伸张正义。( 让步副词从句) 拉丁谚语2. 带名词从句的复合句( 1) 当主句中含有下列动词谓语时, 后面的that 宾语从句或主语从句的动词谓语用be 型虚拟式: advise( 建议) , advocate ( 鼓吹,提倡) , agree (同意) ,

23、 appoint (指定) , arrange (安排) , ask(请求) ,authorize(授权) , beg(乞求) , consent (答应) , command(指挥) , decide(决定) , decree (颁布) , demand (要求) , desire (请求) , determine ( 决定) , dictate( 指令) , direct ( 指导) , exhort( 规劝) , fear ( 害怕) , grant(许可) , hint (暗示) , insist ( 坚持. 做) , insert (插话说) , instruct(指示) , int

24、end (打算) , maintain (主张) , move(动议) , necessitate(使成为必要) , object(反对) , ordain(任命, 规定) , order (命令) , pray(祈求) , prefer (宁要) , permit (允许) , prescribe (规定) , promise (答应) ,propose(提议) , recommend (推荐) , request (请求) , require (要求) ,resolve(决定) , rule(规定) , stipulate(规定) , suggest (建议. 做) ,think(想要)

25、, urge(督促) , vote(表决) 等具有“ 祈使对方怎么做”这类意义的祈使动词。 She suggested( that) we ( should) hold a meeting tonight. (宾语从句) It is suggested that we ( should) hold a meeting tonight. (主语从句) ( suggest 只有当“ 建议怎样做, 有行动”讲, 从句谓语才用虚拟式) The doctor insisted that he( should) give up smoking. ( insist 只有当“ 坚持怎样做, 有行动”讲, 从句

26、谓语才用虚拟式) She decided that she should go to Cleveland and see him.Dreiser但上述表示“ 让.怎样做怎样行动”这些动词, 如果不是动作动词的意思, 而只是表示状态, 只表示某种看法, 则decide (认为) ,insist(坚定地认为) , suggest(表明.看法) 后面的that 从句都用陈述式。( 2) 当主句中含有下列动作名词时, 后面的that 同位语从句或表语从句的动词谓语用be型虚拟式: advice(建议) , advocation (主张) , agreement (同意) , arrangement (

27、安排) , belief(相信) , command( 指挥) , confidence (自信、信任) , decision (决定) , decree (颁布) ,demand(要求) , desire(请求) , determination (决心做) , instruction (指示) , idea(想要) , importance (重要) , insistence (坚持) , direction (指示) , motion (动议) , necessity(必要) , no wonder (怪不得) , order (命令) , pity (遗憾) , plan (计划) ,

28、preference (宁可) , proposal (提议) ,proposition(提议) , recommendation (推荐) , regulation (规定) , shame(羞愧) , request(请求) , requirement (要求) , resolution(决定) , rule(规定) , stipulation(规定) , suggestion(建议) , surprise(惊奇) , urgency(催促) 等。 My suggestion is that we ( should) hold a meeting tonight. They agree t

29、o the suggestion that our lab( should) be re-equipped. Our demand is that a simpler wedding ceremony( should) be held.( 3) 当主句中含有下列动作形容词作表语时, 后面所接的that主语从句中的谓语动词要用be 型虚拟式: advised, advisable,agreeable, amazing, amazed, arranged, a shamed, astonishing, decided,demanded, disappointing, disappointed, d

30、esired, desirable, desirous, determined, incredible, insistant, ordered, preferable, proposed, requested, required, recommended, rejoiced, resolved, shocking, shocked, stipulated, surprising, surprised, suggested, unthinkable, urgent 除了上述动作形容词之外, 还有: adamant (是不可动摇的) , anxious (是急切的) ,appropriate (是

31、适当的) , good, better, best, careful (当心的) , compulsory(是强迫的) , crucial (是紧要的) , 等。特别常用下列句型:It is advisable that. . . ( 是明智的)It is arranged that. . . ( 已经安排.)It is better that. . . ( 比较好)It is decided that. . . ( 已经决定.)It is demanded that. . . ( 要求.)It is desired that. . . ( 希望.)It is essential that.

32、. . ( 必须.)It is imperative that. . . ( 要紧的是.)It is important that. . . ( 重要的是.)It is necessary that. . . ( 有必要.)It is ordered that. . . ( 命令说.)It is proposed that. . . ( 有人提议.)It is recommended that. . . ( 有人推荐.)It is requested that. . . ( 有人要求.)It is suggested that. . . ( 有人建议.)3. 用于祈使句或称之为公式化的虚拟式句

33、子( Formulaic be -subjunctive) 有人称之为ma y 型虚拟式:May you both be happy! 祝你俩幸福!May you succeed! 祝你成功!So be it then. 那就这样吧。Heaven help us! 上帝保佑我们吧!Far be it from me to. . . 我决不会Heaven forbid that 上天不容.(绝无此事)三、虚拟式的形态变化( 一) 动词的式:“ 式”的外延与内涵 时态与时间1. 主动态的were 型虚拟式( 1) 虚拟式的条件从句的时态用法, 要按虚拟的时间往后退一步, 退成过去。( 2) 虚拟的结果主句的时态的要在虚拟从句的基础上往前进一步, 进成将来。注: 表中的d 表示should, would, could, might 或ought to。根据句子意思来选用其中一个情态助动词。不同时间( Time) 内所发生的虚拟式的时态( Tense) 用法与陈述式不同。 虚拟的与现在事实相反的例句如: If I were a bird, I would fly to you.如果我现在是一只鸟儿, 我就会飞到你的身边。(暗含的否定: Im not a bird, so I cant fly to you. ) 虚拟的与过去事实相反的例句如: If I had been