《计算机应用基础》ch2计算机组成原理

1、 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.Suzhou Institute of Service and Outsourcing1CH.2 Computer CompositionRoger LuCreated on Oct.15,2009 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzso

2、ft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.2Object what we learn? The composition of computer system The basic working principles of computer The hardware components of computer Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved

3、. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.3The composition of computer system业的管理信息系统等专用应用软件：如各企、实时控制软件等件包、数据库管理系统通用应用软件：办公软应用软件排错程序等实用程序：诊断程序、等、语言处理程序：、操作系统：系统软件软件系统等、调制解调器、集线器网络设备：网络适配器盘、闪存等外存：软盘、硬盘、光印机、绘图仪、音响等输出设备：显示器、打化仪、麦克风等、扫描仪、光笔、数字输入设备：键盘、鼠标

4、外设高速缓冲存储器随机存储器只读存储器内存控制器运算器主机硬件系统计算机BasicVisualFortranPascalCDOSOSLinuxUNIXWindowsCacheRAMROMCPU2/ Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.4The basic working

5、 principles of computer Basic components 运算器（ALU）：进行算术运算和逻辑运算 控制器：计算机的神经中枢和指挥中枢 从存储器取出指令 翻译指令 分析指令 向其他部件发出控制指令 存储器：存放程序和数据 内存储器：内存（主存），信息交流中心 外存储器：外存（辅存），长期存放暂不用的程序数据 输入设备input：接受用户输入的原始数据和程序 输出设备output：存放在内存中由计算机处理的结果转变为人们所能接受的形式 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information

6、. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.5The basic working principles of computer 计算机的指令系统 指令：能被计算机识别并执行的二进制代码，规定了计算机能完成的某一种操作 操作码：指明该指令要完成的操作的类型或性质 操作数：指明操作对象的内容或所在的单元地址 工作原理取指令 分析指令 执行指令操作码操作数 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Co

7、nfidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.6The basic working principles of computer计算机指令的执行过程 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copy

8、right, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.7The basic working principles of computer Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Righ

9、ts Reserved.8The hardware components of computer Micro-computer 按组成结构：单片机、单板机、多板机 按用途：台式、便携式、手持式 性能指标 CPU指标：计算机字长、时钟频率 运算速度：平均运算速度 内存容量：内存储器存储数据的能力 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary In

10、formation. All Rights Reserved.9The hardware components of computer Motherboard 主板(Motherboard) 主板架构 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.10The hardware c

11、omponents of computer Motherboard Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.11The hardware components of computer Motherboard 芯片组：系统主板的灵魂 决定了主板的结构和CPU的功能 南桥芯片、

12、北桥芯片 品牌：Intel, AMD, ATI, VIA, SIS等 BIOS：基本输入/输出系统 包括：加电自检程序、系统主引导记录的装入程序、CMOS设置程序、基本外围设备的驱动程序 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.12The hardware componen

13、ts of computer Motherboard 其他功能 CPU监控功能 高级电源管理接口功能 自动开机 系统休眠功能 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.13The hardware components of computer CPU CPU：负责对输入信息进

14、行各种处理的部件 CPU的分类 通用CPU、嵌入式CPU 区别：应用模式不同 CPU产品 代表：美国Intel公司 其他：IBM, Apple, Motorola, AMD, Cyrix等 Intel产品：8088（8086）、80286、80386、80486、Pentium PRO、 Pentium 4、 Pentium D、Core 2 国产：龙芯，0.18um Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co.

15、, Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.14The hardware components of computer CPU Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.15The

16、hardware components of computer CPU Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.16The hardware components of computer CPU CPU的性能指标 字长（位数）：CPU内部各寄存器之间一次能够传递的数据位 位

17、宽：CPU通过外部数据总线与外部设备之间一次能够传递的数据位 CPU外频：CPU总线频率，由主板为CPU提供的基准时钟频率 CPU主频：工作频率（内频），CPU内核电路的实际运行频率 CPU的生产工艺技术：微米级、纳米级 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.17The

18、hardware components of computer Memory 存储器 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.18The hardware components of computer Memory 内存储器 存放程序和数据，一般由记忆元件和电子线路构成 按

19、其功能分成三类 随机存取存储器（RAM）：主存 只读存储器（ROM）：存放系统管理程序 高速缓冲存储器（Cache）：数据存取速度不一致，介于CPU和内存之间的一种可高速存取信息的芯片 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.19The hardware component

20、s of computer Memory RAM可分为 DRAM：静态随机存储器 SRAM：动态随机存储器 ROM可分为： 不可在线改写内容的ROM Flash ROM：快擦除ROM、闪存 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.20The hardware compone

21、nts of computer Memory 外存储器 磁介质存储器 软盘 硬盘 磁盘阵列RAID 光介质存储器 CD-ROM、CD-RW DVD-ROM、DVD-RW 移动存储器 移动硬盘 Flash存储设备 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.21The hardw

22、are components of computer I/O 输入设备 将数据、程序等转换成计算机能接受的二进制代码，并将它们送入内存 键盘、鼠标、轨迹球、扫描仪、光笔、触摸屏、数字化仪、游戏操作杆等 输出设备 打印机：点阵、喷墨、激光打印机 显示器：CRT、LCD Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All

23、 Rights Reserved.22The hardware components of computer I/O I/O操作 将输入设备输入的信息送入内存的指定区域，或者将内存指定区域的内容送到输出设备 特点 I/O操作与CPU处理并行进行 多个I/O设备必须同时进行工作 不同计算机的I/O设备数量、品种和性能差别大，需要经常增减和更新 I/O设备种类多，性能各异，操作复杂，与计算机连接方式各不相同 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copy

24、right, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.23The hardware components of computer I/O I/O总线（主板总线bus） 各类I/O设备控制器与CPU、存储器之间相互交换信息、传输数据的一组公用的信号线 三类信号：数据信号、地址信号、控制信号 性能指标：数据传输速率（总线带宽），即单位时间内总线上可传输的最大数据量总线带宽（MB/s）（数据线宽度/8）总线工作频率（MHz）每个总线周期的传输次数 优点：简化了系统设计，降低了成本，

25、便于故障诊断和维修，便于系统扩充升级，兼容性 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.24The hardware components of computer I/O I/O总线（主板总线bus） 代表：PCI、PCI-Express I/O设备接口 用于连接I/O设备的

26、各种插头、插座以及相应的通信规程及电气特性 分类 按数据传输方式：串行、并行 按数据传输速率：低速、高速 按连接设备数：总线式、独占式 按是否符合标准：标准接口、专用接口 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.25The hardware components of co

27、mputer I/O I/O设备接口 USB接口 Universal Serial Bus通用串行总线，总线式串行接口 即插即用PnP规范，热插拔 类型：A、B、Mini 传输速率：USB1.0(1.5Mb/s)，USB1.1(1.5MB/s)，USB2.0(60MB/s)，USB3.0(600MB/s) 优点：差分信号传输，传输速率高，使用普遍 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Conf

28、idential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved.26The hardware components of computer I/O IEEE-1394 主要用于连接需要高速传输大量数据的音频和视频设备 传输速率50MB/s100MB/s 即插即用，热插拔 Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights Reserved. Copyright, Suzsoft Co., Ltd. Confidential and Proprietary Information. All Rights