中国古典园林概述全面精炼,英文,英语园林景观

1、no. nameclassical chinese gardens中国古典园林contents1 the history of classical chinese gardens2 the classification of classical chinese gardens3 chinese garden design1 the history of classical chinese gardensshang zhouqin hanwei jinsui tangsong yuanrising period生成期生成期transferring period转折期转折期heyday perio

2、d 全盛期全盛期ming qingmature period成成熟期熟期mature late period成熟后期成熟后期dynastiesstages of development shang and zhou dynasties. name: you (囿)lit. hunting park” -the hunting ground for emperors and nobles without any artificial cultivation. -coarse, primitive, big and natural.features:纣为鹿台鹿台，七年而成，其大三里，高千尺临望云雨

3、 新序刺奢 “王在灵囿灵囿，鹿鹿攸伏。鹿鹿濯濯，白鸟篙篙。 王在灵沼灵沼，於轫鱼跃。” 诗经大雅 qin and han dynasties a villa where the emperors can have a rest and deal with the affairs of the state. e.g.shanglin garden(上林苑) weiyang palace (未央宫) changle palace (长乐宫)name: yuan (苑)lit. imperial park” feature:姑苏台姑苏台蓬莱山蓬莱山方丈山方丈山瀛洲山瀛洲山layout of the

4、jianzhang palace(建章宫） in shanglin gardenthe layout of “one pond and three mountains”(一池三山) from the period of the wei and jin to the period of southern and northern dynastiesbackground: china experienced a period of continuous wars and conflicts. many of the scholar-officials（士大夫）were bitterly disap

5、pointed and tried to evade the society by finding a spiritual sustenance in the natural world. feature: the garden with natural mountains and rivers. 流觞曲水sui and tang dynasties the economy was flourishing and the civilization was prosperous. the architects always had the interest in the integration

6、of the garden into literature and art.feature: the garden with imitating mountains and riversbackground: 大明宫自居易的履道里宅园自居易的履道里宅园the song and the yuan dynastiesthe stage of maturity 皆台榭亭阁，花木奇石，影映湖山周围胜景，言之难尽。 吴自牧梦梁录ming dynasty and qing dynastiesthe peak time of classical gardening-building of imperial

7、gardens was activated .e.g.the summer palacethe mountain resort in chengde-the function of living was reinforced. - “garden of gardens” “园中园” yuanye (园冶), the first monograph dedicated to garden architecture in the world, was written by ji cheng(计成), a ming dynasty garden designer . building princip

8、le: the garden is created by the human hand, but should appear as if created by heaven. “虽由人作，宛自天开”the craft of gardens 2 the classification of classical chinese gardensprivate gardens (私家园林) imperial gardens(皇家园林）owned by ancient chinese emperors .owned mainly by the painters, the poets, and other

9、scholars. beihai park;the summer palace;the mountain resort in chengdelandscape garden (风景名胜园林) e.g.places for public recreation. west lake; daming lakee.g.temple garden(寺庙园林) imperial gardens private gardens landscape gardens temple gardenshumble administrators garden (拙政园)lingering garden (留园) mas

10、ter of the nets garden (网师园)lion grove garden (狮子林) private gardens:famous private gardens in suzhou:geyuan garden(个园)heyuan garden (何园)famous private gardens in yangzhou:3 chinese garden design obstructive scenery; blocking view( 抑景或障景) the garden builders never show the best part of the garden at

11、the very beginning, but try to use some artistic methods to block the scene at the entrance of a garden, such as a screen, a rockery, etc. adding the view（添景） when a scenic spot is a little bit far from the viewer, such as a pagoda, or the natural hills, kinds of flowers, trees, or other plants will

12、 be planted in the middle or near to the observers as a kind of transition. vista line；vista（夹景） a distant view or prospect, especially one seen through an opening, as between rows of buildings or trees. opposite scenery; (对景) view in an opposite place enframed scenery（框景） it refers to mainly the do

13、ors, the windows, the holes, or the frame formed by the plants naturally will often enframe the views afar into a very beautiful picture. leaking through scenery(漏景) in walls of the garden or one side of the corridors, there are often some hollows or windows, which are engraved through by traditiona

14、l chinese pictures such ancient figures, plants, birds and animals. so people will have a view from the hollow part about the garden. lattice window borrowed scenery; view borrowing(借景) borrowed scenery is the principle of incorporating background landscape into the composition of a garden found in traditional chinese garden design. “distant borrowing”(远借) e.g. mountains, forests, rivers, fields & lakes“ adjacent borrowing” (邻借)e.g. neighbor