高考英语阅读理解第三讲 主旨大意题

1、阅读理解第三讲 主旨大意题命题方式主旨大意题主要考查对全文的内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结能力，是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括能力，是高考中的难点之一。常见的命题方式有：what is the best title for this passage?which of the following can be the best title for the passage?what's the main idea of the text?the main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_命题特点一、主旨大意题正确选项的特征1通常

2、不含细节信息的词。2通常不含绝对意义的词。3能概括全文或某段的全部内容；涵盖性强，精确度强，恰当的表意范围和情感色彩。二、主旨大意题干扰项的特征1过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围。2以偏概全，主次不分。只概括了文章一部分的内容，或以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容。3移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于a的内容放在b上。4主观臆测，无中生有，虽符合一般常理，选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。技法点拨一、标题归纳题标题归纳类题目应该注意其醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些贯穿整篇文章始终的关键词

3、。题干中关键词常常有title for the passage，title for the text等；干扰项表现为概括不够，部分代替整体，过度概括，人为扩大范围；以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意。【真题例析】(2016·全国卷，阅读理解d)the meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. silences may be thoughtful，or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. a silence in a conversation may also sho

4、w stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry. silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation.persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.many nati

5、ve americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people，just as some traditional chinese and thai persons do. therefore，when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops，what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what

6、has been said before continuing. in these cultures，silence is a call for reflection.other cultures may use silence in other ways，particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. for example，russian，french，and spanish persons may use

7、 silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. however，mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.in still another use，persons in asian cultures may view silence as a sign o

8、f respect，particularly to an elder or a person in authority.nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence

9、so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.a nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.35what may be the best title for the text?asound

10、 and silencebwhat it means to be silentcsilence to native americansdspeech is silver；silence is gold二、文章大意题每一篇文章都有其大意，获取大意的方法是找主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有时候也出现在文章中间段落。阅读的过程中应该对每段的主题句给予特别的关注。归纳出文章的中心主题，然后对照选项，正确的选项一定切合中心主题，切勿本末倒置、主次不分，避免以点带面，以偏概全是所谓“一叶障目，不见森林”。【真题例析】(2017·全国卷，阅读理解c)after years of hea

11、ted debate，gray wolves were reintroduced to yellowstone national park. fourteen wolves were caught in canada and transported to the park. by last year，the yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.gray wolves once were seen here and there in the yellowstone area and much of the c

12、ontinental united states，but they were gradually displaced by human development.by the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the yellowstone area. they went farther north into the deep forests of canada，where there were fewer humans around.the disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected

13、results. deer and elk populationsmajor food sources(来源)for the wolfgrew rapidly. these animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被)，which reduced plant diversity in the park. in the absence of wolves，coyote populations also grew quickly. the coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's re

14、d foxes，and completely drove away the park's beavers.as early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to yellowstone park. they hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves w

15、ould kill their farm animals or pets.the government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. the us. fish and wildlife service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in yellowstone. today，the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at yellowsto

16、ne. elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.the yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28what is the text mainly about?awildlife research i

17、n the united states.bplant diversity in the yellowstone area.cthe conflict between farmers and gray wolves.dthe reintroduction of wolves to yellowstone park.三、段落大意题解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。一般而言，每个段落总有一个中心，通常中心思想会在首句或尾句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首

18、，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊一般特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。【真题例析】(2017·全国卷，阅读理解c片段)terrafugia inc. said monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. the vehiclenamed the transitionhas two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. the transition, which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.it fli