国际贸易原理与实务 资料整理

1、国际贸易原理与实务 资料整理 作者： 日期：2 个人收集整理 勿做商业用途1.贸易分类Classification of international trade:Export trade, Import trade, Transit trade。Direct trade， Indirect trade, Entrepot trade.Visible trade, Invisible trade.2。 ICC ： International Chamber Of Commercial(国际商会）3。Mercantilism重商：refers to the school of economic t

2、hought that came into existence in Europe during the period from 1500 to 1750。 the trade theory that states that nations should accumulate financial wealth， usually in the form of gold, by encouraging exports and discouraging imports is called mercantilism。 The main problem with mercantilism is that

3、 all countries engaged in export but was restricted from import, another prevention from development of international trade。4。 absolute of advantage绝对优势: Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776。 Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade;

4、 it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed。 According to the absolute advantage theor

5、y, international trade is a positive-sum game, because there are gains for both countries to an exchange. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途5。 Comparative Advantage相对优势： first introduced by David Ricardo in 1817。 The principle of comparative advantage states that a country should specialise in producing and

6、 exporting those products in which is has a comparative， or relative cost, advantage compared with other countries and should import those goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage。 Out of such specialisation, it is argued, will accrue greater benefit for all.6. Reasons for trade restrictions

7、: a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. Protect vital industries （stability and economic development）.Infant industry argument （a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques are mastered a

8、nd the operation becomes large enough to enjoy the economies of scale and to be able to compete in the market。 Employment (protect domestic jobsPure political reasons文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络个人收集整理，勿做商业用途7。tariffs关税：a tax, or duty， levied on a commodity when crosses the boundary of a customs area。 According t

9、o the methods used in imposing import duties: Specific duty： A tariff levied as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods。 （Disadvantage: Protective value varies inversely with the price of the import。/Ad valorem duty: Levied as a constant percentage of the monetary value of 1 unit of the impor

10、ted good。/Mixed or compound duty: A duty placed on imported items， the amount of which is based upon the above two duties./Alternative duty:Adopting either of these two duties According to different tariff rates： Preferential duties: applied according to its geographical source。/generalized preferen

11、tial duty: extended under the General System of Preferences./MFN duty： a duty for nations entitled to most-favorednation treatment or trading status/general duty： a non-MFNT tariff, applied to countries without MFNT agreement。According to special purposes: Countervailing duties （CVD): a tariff desig

12、ned to “counter” the effects of the foreign export subsidy。/Anti-dumping duties: a duty to imports to offset the eddects of dumping. 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络8. .forms of nontariff barriersquantity control measures（non-automatic licence、quota、quantitative safeguard measures、prohibition、voluntary

13、export restraints即VERs)；price control measures(administrative pricing、variable charges、antidumping or countervailing measures）；para-tariff measures(customs surcharges、additional taxes and charges、internal taxes and charges levied on imports、decreed customs valuation)；finance measures（advance payment

14、 requirements、multiple exchange rates、restrictive official foreign exchange allocation、prohibition of foreign exchange allocation、bank authorization、surrender requirement);anticompetitive measures(single channel for imports、compulsory national service)；miscellaneous measures（to subsidize importcompe

15、ting industries、government procurement policy、administrative classification、technical measures).9。 dumping： Dumping is selling exports at a price that is too low， less than normal or fair value. Types: Predatory dumping: driving competitors out of business in the foreign country. Sporadic dumping： F

16、oreign producers have temporary surplus that they export at whatever price can get。 a） Cyclical dumping: during periods of recession a firm tends to lower its price to limit the decline in the quantity sold. b） Seasonal dumping： intended to sell off excess inventories of a product Persistent dumping

17、： when a firm with market power uses price discrimination between markets to increase its total profit10。Unfair competition caused by: Social dumping: firms in developing nations with lower labor costs and poorer working conditions. Environmental dumping: a countrys lax environmental standards. 

18、0;Financial services dumping： a nation's low requirements for bank capital/asset ratios。 Cultural dumping： cultural barriers aiding local firms. 11。 Conditions of dumping: Such firm must has monopoly power in domestic market。 Segmented markets （no buy in and sell at a profit between domesti

19、c market and foreign market).  Different demand elasticity。 12. types of regional economic integration： Preferential Trade Area is a trading bloc which gives preferential access to certain products from certain countries。 This is done by reducing tariffs， but does not abolish them completely. F

20、ree Trade Area， all barriers to the trade of goods and services among member countries are removed. But each country is allowed to determine its own trade policies with regard to nonmembers. Customs Union is one step further along the road to full economic and political integration。 A customs union

21、eliminates trade barriers between member countries and adopts a common external trade policy。 Common Market has no barriers to trade between member countries， includes a common external trade policy， and allows factors of production to move freely between members. Economic Union involves the free fl

22、ow of products and factors of production between member countries and adoption of common external trade policy， but it also requires a common currency， harmonization of members tax rates and a common monetary policy, fiscal policy。 个人收集整理，勿做商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途13. Static effects of regional economic in

23、tegration： The effects that occur directly on the formation of the integration project. Trade creation： Economic integration creates trade that would not have existed otherwise. Trade diversion： Economic integration diverts trade， away from a more efficient nonmember supplier to a less efficient mem

24、ber supplier. Administrative saving： Economic integration can lead to administrative saving by eliminating the need for government officials to monitor the goods and services that cross the borders。 Collective terms of trade improving: If a bloc of countries imposes the tariff， the fall in demand fo

25、r the imported goods will be substantial。 Greater bargaining power in trade negotiation greater than they would have had negotiated on their own.本文为互联网收集,请勿用作商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络14。 Dynamic effects of regional economic integration： Increase competition and economies of scale. (Market size increases l

26、ower degree of monopoly; Some industries require large scale production; Internal economies of scale （ greater production）; External economies of scale resulted from cheaper; capital， more highly skilled labor， or superior technology) Stimulate greater investment in the member countries. e。g。 massiv

27、e U.S。 investment occurred in the EC15. main differences between GATT and WTO： Nature :GATT - ad hoc and provisional （never ratified in members parliament and contained no provisions for the creation of an organization)。WTO - permanent， has sound legal basis (members have ratified the WTO agreements

28、 Scope： GATT goods only。WTO goods， services and traderelated aspects of intellectual property rights。Approach: GATT selective basis (plurilateral)。WTO a single undertaking （multilateral) Dispute settlement ： WTO: Specific time limits faster than the GATT。Has permanent appellate body to review findin

29、gs by dispute settlement panel。个人收集整理,勿做商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途【关系：the WTO replaced GATT as an international organization， but the GATT still exists as the WTOs umbrella tready for trade in goods， updated as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations。】16. FOB=Free on board (named port of shipment)l In FOB

30、, the seller is required to deliver goods on board a vessel that is to be designated by the buyer at a particular port。The sellers obligation under FOB：l 1） providing the goodsl 2） obtaining export license and other documentsl 3) carrying out all customs formalities for exportl 4) delivering the goo

31、ds on board and notify the buyerl Notes for 4）:l a。 the vessel designated by buyerl b。 at the particular portl c. within the stipulated time periodl 5) bearing all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until the time they've passed the ships raill 6） providing the commercial documents， or its

32、equivalent electronic message to buyerThe buyer obligation under FOB：l 1） obtaining import license or other official authorization l 2） carrying out all import customs formalitiesl 3） preparing carriage from the named port of shipmentl Notes for 3）:l a。 paying the freightl b. informing the seller of

33、 the name and the date of arrival of the shipl 4） bearing all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time theyve passed the ships raill 5） taking delivery of the goods， making payment to the sellerVariations of FOB Terms 变体l FOB Liner Terms： FOB 班轮条件l FOB Under Tackle: FOB吊钩下交货l FOB Stowed

34、: FOB理舱费在内l FOB Trimmed： FOB平舱费在内l FOB Stowed and Trimmed: FOB理舱费和平舱 费在内17. CFR ：COST AND FREIGHT (named port of destination)成本加运费（指定目的港）l Under the CFR term， the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.l Shipment advice(转船通知) A shipping ad

35、vice containsl Difference with FOB:The seller instead of the buyer is responsible for making arrangement of the ship （chartering a ship or booking a space）The seller s obligation：1) Be responsible for booking the shipping space， deliver the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment on the da

36、te or within the period stipulated.2) Give the buyer the shipping advice at once after shipment, so that the buyer can arrange for insurance 3） bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the ships rail at the port of shipment.4） clear the goods for export an

37、d provide export license or other official authorization for the exportation of the goods.The buyers obligations:1) bear all risks or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment。2） arrange for insurance and pay the insurance premium.3) accept the do

38、cuments when tendered by the seller， if they are in conformity with the contract of sale， and pay the price as provided in the contract。4）accept delivery of goods when they have been delivered at the named port of destination and bear all charges as well as the cost of carrying out the customs forma

39、lities payable upon importation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through another country。Special issues under CFRl Shipping advice（装船通知):A shipping advice contains the vessel name, the voyage number, the sailing date and the date of loading.l The purpose: 1)to inform the buyer or

40、 its agent to make preparation for taking delivery of goods 2) to inform the buyer to effect the insuranceThe variations of CFRl CFR Liner Terms （CFR班轮条件 )l CFR Landed （CFR卸至码头）l CFR Ex Tackle (CFR吊钩下交货)l CFR Ex Ship's Hold （CFR舱底交货)18。 CIF (named port of destination) l COST， INSURANCE AND FREIG

41、HTthe seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to a named port of destination， and must also procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage。Compared with CFRl CIF is the same as CFR except that the seller is responsibl

42、e for effecting insurance, paying the premium（保险费).l （the insurance required under a CIF contract has to cover minimum conditions)In general, CIF involves the exporter in three contracts:Contract of sale； Contract of insurance； Contract of transportation。The seller's obligations under CIFl 1） pr

43、oviding the goods l 2） clearing the goods for exportl 3) obtaining export license or other official authorization for the exportation of the goodsl 4） chartering a ship or booking a spacel 5) delivering the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment on the date or within the period stipulated

44、 and notifying the buyerl 6) bearing all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the ships rail at the port of shipmentl 7) arranging for an insurance and paying the costs of freight and insurance8） Providing the buyer with relative documents including the insuran

45、ce policyBuyer's obligations under CIFl 1) bearing al risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the port of shipmentl 2) accepting the documents when tendered by the seller, if they are in conformity with the contract of sale， and pay the price

46、 as provided in the contractl 3) taking delivery of the goods when they have been delivered at the named port of destination and bearing all charges of unloading goodsl 4） clearing the goods for importl 5） carrying out customs formalities for importation of goodsVariations of CIFl CIF Liner Terms：l

47、CIF Landed:l CIF Ex-Ships Hold：The use of CIFl CIF is preferred by buyerl 1） it means they have little to do with the goods until the goods arrive at the port of destination in their country。l 2) it allows buyers to compare prices from suppliers around the world without having to take into considera

48、tion differing freight rates, since the seller pays the freight and insurance。l Seller “like” CIF too:under the pressure from their government, seller is required to use domestic carriers and insurers。19。比较FOB、CFR、CIF（区别与共同点)commonalities：a。Under all the three terms， the place of delivery or place o

49、f transferring risks is the same， that is ，when the goods pass the ships rail at the port of shipment；b.Under all the three terms, the seller is responsible for carrying out export clearance while the buyer is responsible for carrying out import clearance.Differences：a。Under FOB， the buyer is liable

50、 for both contracting carriage and taking out marine insurance；b.Under CFR， the seller is liable for contracting carriage while the buyer is liable for taking out marine insurance；c. the seller is liable for both contracting carriage and taking out marine insurance。20。为什么CFR中，卖方及时发出装船通知是重要的?As under

51、 CFR,the buyer must take risks for a period of carriage during which the buyer has no means of controlling or limiting those risks。The carrier used， the costs incurred for carriage and the timing of the carriage are all under the sellers control。 The shipping advice sent plays an important role, whi

52、ch is to inform the buyer to take out insurance promptly。 If ，however,the seller fails to do this ，it will have to bear the risks of loss of or damage to the goods incurred in transit.21. FCA= free carrier （named place)Sellers Obligations: 1。 Responsibilities 【A. Deliver the goods B。 Clear the goods

53、 for exportC. Deliver the goods to the carrier named by the buyer D. Notify the buyer immediatelyE. Deliver the documents of equivalent electronic data】2. ExpensesExpenses before the goods have been delivered to the carrier。3. RisksUpon delivery to the carrier。If delivery occurs at the seller's

54、premises， the seller is responsible for loading。If delivery occurs at any other place， the seller is not responsible for unloading。22.CPT（carriage paid tonamed place of destination） CPT=FCA+F(国外运费)23。CIP（carriage and insurance paid tonamed place of destination） CIP=CPT+I（国外保险费）24.methods of expressi

55、ng quality of commodity in the contract： sale as seen。Sale by sample （counter sample, sealed， reference）。Sale by description （sale by specifications, by grade， standard, brand and trade mark, name of origin， descriptions and illustrations)25.quantity： the systems of weights and measures (metric syst

56、em, international system of units, British system, American system) quantity units (metrical units， including weight, length， area； numbers including some customary units such as dozen, gross.) methods ofr calculating weight (net weight, gross weight, conditioned weight， theoretical weight）26.modes

57、of transportOcean Transport (Advantage： easy passage; large capacity; low cost/Disadvantage： slow; vulnerable to bad weather; less punctual )l Types of Shipping Services: 1) Liner Transport（班轮运输）A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table。 【Fe

58、atures： fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight。Ø loading and unloading charges included in freight。Ø simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantity。】 2） Charter Transport 租船运输。 The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats。 【Much cheaper than that of the li