2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容1

1、2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容1 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容：阅读理解第十六篇 第十六篇 eat to live a meager diet may give you health and long life, but it s not much fun and it might not even be necessary. we may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don t start to diet until old age. stephen s

2、pindler and his colleagues from the university of california at riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. the genetic rejuvenation won t reverse other damage caused by time fo

3、r the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old equivalent

4、 to about 70 human years. the researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. the changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. in the mice th

5、at had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. but the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes. this is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickl

6、y,” says huber warner from the national institute on aging near washington d. c. no one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but spindler is hopeful. “theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says. if it does work in people,there might

7、be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. as we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. a brief period of time of dieting, says spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective. but spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “the mice get less dise

8、ase, they live longer, but theyre hungry,” he says. “even seeing what a diet does, it s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: i can only eat half of that,. ” spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. his company, lifespan genetics in california, is looking for drugs that have the effects

9、of calorie restriction. 词汇： meager adj.不足的 youthful adj.有青春活力的 vigor n.精力，活力 metabolize vt. 使(一种物质)进入新陈代谢过程 genetic adj.基因的 rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童 解释： 1. hang on to ：连续保留。例如：you should hang on to that painting 一 it might be worth a lot of money one day.你应当连续保留那幅画-或许有一天它会值许多钱。 2. the genetic rejuve

10、nation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基 因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time岁月造成的莫他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs： 代谢药物，即“使药物参加新陈代谢以提高药效”。get rid of：摆脱，除去。 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 4.

11、 free radical production:指体内自由基的产生(形成)。 5. kick in：意为“开头起作用”。 如：were still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我们还在等着空调开头起作用。 6. be worth it：意为“值得，有益”。如：they are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。 练习： 1. according to the passage, which of the following is not true? a eating less t

12、han usual might make us live longer. b if we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy. c dieting might not be needed. d we have to begin dieting since childhood. 2. why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? a to describe the influence of old age on mice. b to illustrate the effe

13、ct of meager food on mice. c to tell us how mices liver genes behave. d to inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs. 3. what can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? a they will not experience free radical production. b they will experience more genetic reju

14、venation in their lifetime. c they have more old liver genes to behave like young genes. d they are more likely to suffer from inflammation. 4. according to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? a the mice that started dieting in old age. b 27 of those 46 old genes that

15、 continued to behave like young genes. c calorie restriction that works in people. d dieting that makes sure a drug is effective. 5. according to the last two paragraphs, spindler believes that a calorie restriction is very important to young people. b seeing the effect of a diet, people will like t

16、o eat less than normal. c dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life. d drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction. 答案与题解： 1. d第一k第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不行的事”，其次句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，我们 仍旧有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必需从小就开头节食”是错误的，d 是答案。 2. b其次段提及“一只髙龄老鼠”的时候，谈到，“只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和年轻前一样布满活力”

17、。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好 地回答了题干中的问题o 3. d 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关”，因此，d正确。 4. a第四段最终一个句子讲“但最惊人的发觉是那些上了年纪才开头节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令讨论人员感爱好的”。 5. c文章的最终两段谈及spindler对节食的看法。首先，他不能确定节食是否值得。.其次, 他盼望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好 方法。 参考译文 第十六篇 为生存而食 粗茶淡饭或许能给你

18、健康和长寿，但这并不好玩很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才 开头节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。 加州高校riverside分校的斯蒂芬 斯潘德尔及其同事发觉，只要连续四周限制一些年轻的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和年轻前一样布满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会 逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。 斯潘德尔的队员们始终给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠(相当于人类年龄的70岁)喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。 讨论者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000种基

19、因的活性，发觉正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随 年龄的转变而转变。这些转变都与体内自由基的产生有关这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。 “这只是第一个这些效果快速起作用的示意”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃 华纳说。 至今仍旧没有人清晰卡路里的掌握对人类来说是否犹如对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此 布满了盼望：“有足以引人留意的证据表明这同样有效。” 假如这的确也对人类有效，我们有理由信任肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一每天年轻，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说

20、到，完 全足以保证药效。 但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清晰地熟悉到节食的功效，人们仍旧很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食 物。” 斯潘德尔盼望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在查找有限制卡路里效能的药物 其次十九篇 “dont drink alone” gets new meaning in what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a european research group has found that people drinking alcohol

21、outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. luigino dal maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer. after the

22、 researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. con

23、suming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” dal maso says. the discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals did

24、nt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. for their new analysis，the european scientists divided people in the study into four groups， based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. the lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂 week. the highest grou

25、p reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. for instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, part

26、icipants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. if people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esopha

27、geal cancers. people in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. in contrast, laryngeal cancer

28、 risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. “alcohol can inflame tissues. over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” dal maso says. he suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-t

29、ract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. he speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 participants traces to the tissue s lower exposure to alcohol. 词汇： cavity n.腔 pharynx n.咽 pharyngeal adj.咽的 esophagus n.食管 esophageal adj.食管的 larynx n.喉 scrub v.擦

30、净，擦掉 解释： 1. than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中 的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。 2. drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症讨论的 1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式 3.

31、 downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”;significant：意为“large in amount”(大量的)。 4. laryngeal：larynx (喉)的形容词形式。 5. these four sites：指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。 6. traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到 7. in

32、 an average week：平均每星期 8. up to：高达 9. 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56 杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的)一份”。 10. for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。 11. high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精)高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的(试验)组。 high-intake和with

33、-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。 12. was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的 laryngeal cancer risk。 练习： 1. researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people a who drink alcohol outside of mealsur b who drink alcohol at meals. c who never drink alcohol. d who dr

34、ink alcohol at bars and pubs. 2. which of the following is not the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? a it has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food. b it may also be a cause of cancer. c it increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. d it

35、 does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 3. approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? a 3 drinks. b 8 drinks. c 20 drinks. d 56 drinks. 4. which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? a oral cancer. b larynge

36、al cancer. c pharyngeal cancer. d esophageal cancer. 5. according to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol a explains why inflammation triggers cancer. b accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues. c is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues. d reduces the risk

37、 of laryngeal cancer. 答案与题解： 1. a文章第一个句子就是答案。 2. c其次段的其次句说的是餐外饮酒使得喉癌几率增加了20%，而不是就餐饮酒的状况。所以c是正确答案。其他三项均在文中直接或间接提到。 3. a第三段其次句告知我们，酒精摄人量最低的一组每星期饮酒量达20杯，因此，大约每天在三杯左右。 4. b文章第四段的第一句和其次句是由连接词in contrast连接的两个句子。in contrast表达的是句间的反比关系。第一句说明酒精消费量最大的一组，患其他三种癌症的几率与低酒精 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 b是正确选项。 5. d文章最终一句供应了答案

38、。 参考译文： 其次十九篇 “不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义 肯定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个讨论小组发觉人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。luigino dal maso和他的同事们讨论了取 自四项癌症讨论的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。 在讨论者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发觉和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50% 80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危急。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患 喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被讨论者的状况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的缘由就是

39、抽烟或饮酒。” dal maso说。他的讨论小组供应的报告中令人懊丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消退患以上 任何一种癌症的危急。 为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家依据每星期平均饮酒量将被讨论者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上 。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危急随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21 34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危急增加了一倍。 假如这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危急至少增加3倍。 和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多2

40、0杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危急是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌是16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒 的人患喉癌的危急是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。 “酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。” dal maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危急，或是通过掩盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推想全部被 讨论 者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低许多的缘由是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。 第三十九篇 sauna ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has

41、 many forms, one of which is the sauna. the finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. the japanese, greeks, turks and russians as well as native americans have forms of the sweat bath in their

42、 bathing rituals. dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient rome and pre-columbian americans used sweat lodges. the earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. a fire kept in a fire-pit would he

43、at the rock walls of the cave. after reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. a few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smo

44、ke. today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available. saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air pas

45、sageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. the body s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. the sauna could be considered to follow th

46、e old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever the regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 on average in a sauna. a good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. the loss in water weight is temporary as th

47、e body s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. the cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. a norm

48、al heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctors advice. the elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three m

49、onths. indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath. 词汇： sauna n.(芬兰式)蒸汽浴，桑拿浴 congestion n.堵塞;拥塞 odor n.气味，味道 arthritis 关节炎 inflammation n.炎(症) grime n.污垢;尘垢 cardiovascular adj.心、血 管的 diabetes n.糖尿病 解释： 1. ceremonial bathing:仪式性的沐

50、浴。很多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。 2. pre-columbian americans:哥伦布前的美洲人。columbian是columbus的形容词形式，意思是“哥伦布的”;pre-是前缀,意思是:在 前。pre-columbian americans，其完整的意思 是: 哥伦布发觉美洲大陆前的美洲人。 3. fire-pit:火槽 4. relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消退压力。 5. alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:减轻胸闷感，加快康复的速度。 6. imitate: to app

51、ear like; resemble:像;类似 7. feed a cold, starve a fever:谤伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿;伤风不怕吃，热病不怕饿。 8. lb: pound(磅)的缩写形式。 9. cardiovascular system:心血管系统 10. a work out:做名词用，意为“运动，熬炼”。 11. sessions:(做某事或进行某活动的)一段时间 练习： 1. ceremonial bathing _. a) is called the sauna by finns b) is equivalent to the steam bath c) has va

52、rious forms d) is held in an enclosed room 2. what is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience? a) saunas in underground caves. b) saunas with smoke. c) saunas using wood burning stoves. d) saunas using electric stoves. 3. according to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the f

53、ollowing except . a) reducing the chance of getting cold b) speeding recovery c) relieving stress d) curing asthma 4. according to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_. a) pores are cleaned by sweat b) water is lost by sweating c) blood moves to the surface for heat exc

54、hange 2021职称英语卫生类教材新增内容 5. who are advised not to take a sauna? a) elderly people. b) pregnant women. c) people with heart trouble. d) all of the above. 答案与题解： 1. c第一段的第一句告知我们，ceremonial bathing有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。所以只有c是正确的选项。 2. b依据文章其次段的第四句，smoke sauna被有些人认为是真正的sauna。句中a background odor也是指烟熏的气味。 3. d

55、 该段最终一句说 the regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold; 第四句说 they may help to . speed recovery time; 第一句说 saunas are . stress relieving。 所 以，a、b、c 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句说 asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing, 这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，应选择d项。 4. a该段第三句供应了答案。 5. d文章最终一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴