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1、从句专项在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、缘由、让步、地点、方式等);定语从句定语从句( attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句;定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句;另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句;定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词;请看示例:the woman who lives next door is a teacher.先行词定语从句

2、在全部的从句中,算定语从句最难把握,由于汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中特别重要的从句之一;它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,将这个句子叫做宾语从句;宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语;现在从以下三个方面总结归纳如下:一,引导词a, 由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后; 连词 that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分例: i told him that he was wr

3、ong. l 在 think,believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式;例: i don t think you are right我. 认为你做的不对l 在很多带有复合宾语的句子中,that 引导的宾语从句常常移到句子的后面,而用it 做形式宾语;例: we think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone 我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的b, 由连词 if 、 whether 引导的表示 “是否”的宾语从句; whether,if 在从句中不做

4、句子的成分,一般情形下,whether 和 if 可以替换;例: i don t know if/whether he will cmo e tomorrow.the teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if 引导例: everything depends on whether we have enough money;l 宾语从句中有or not 时不用 if 引导 .例: i don t know whether the movie star will come or not.l 和不

5、定式连用作宾语时不用if 引导 .例: whether to go there or not hasn t been decided.1c,由 wh-引导的宾语从句;连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which, 和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分;例: do you know which film they are talking about. which做定语 i don kntow where he lives. where 做地点状语 二,宾语从句的语序,宾语从句从句的语序必需是

6、陈述语序,既连接词+主语 +谓语 + 其他成分例: i believe that they will come soon.he asked me whether i was a teacher.they wanted to know what they can do for us.二,宾语从句的时态;宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,既:主句是一般现在时态,从句依据实际情形而定;主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态;假如从句的动作发生在主句之前,就从句要用过去完成时态;例:1) she says that she is a student.she said that she was a stu

7、dent.2) she says that she will fly to japan in a week. she said that she would fly to japan in a week.3) she says that she has finished her homework already. she said that she had finished her homework already.4) she says that she can sing a song in english. she said that she could sing a song in en

8、glish.l 假如宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态;例: the teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. he told me that japan is an island country.lcould you tell me是用来征询对方的看法,语气委婉,并不表示过去;例: could you tell me when we will visit the histury museum.c 、同位语从句 一 概念一般来说, 在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句;它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以

9、说明或说明该名词表示的详细内容; 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word (消息), problem, question, doubt, thought 等;例如:2they were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时,他们欣喜如狂;where did you get the idea that

10、 i could not come ?你从哪儿听说我不能来?有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开;如:the thought came to him that tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经仍了书了;(二)引导词 寻规找矩 请认真观看以下句子,留意从句引导词的用法;1. the news that mr. li will be our new english teacher is true.2. he hasn t made the decision whether he will go there.3. the

11、question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. i have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. we haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. i have no idea how i can get to the railway station.7. i have no idea whe

12、n he will be back 小结归纳 that 引导同位语从句时无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不行以省略,如句1; whether 引导同位语从句时意为“是否 ”,通常不能用if 来代替 ,如句 2; 连接代词 who, what 等可以引导同位语从句,如句3, 4; 连接副词 where, how, when 等可以引导同位语从句,如句 5, 6, 7;三 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词;试比较:1. the news that our team has won the final mat

13、ch is encouraging. 2. the news that you told us is really encouraging. 分析 句 1 中 that 引导同位语从句,说明“ news的”内容:我们队取得了决赛成功;句 2 中 that 引导定语从句,对“ news加”以限定:是你告知我们的,而非来自其他渠道; that 的功能不同: that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且仍指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分;试比较:1. dad made a promise that he would buy me a cd p

14、layer if i passed the english test.2. dad made a promise that excited all his children. 分析 句 1 中 that 引导 同位语从句,其中that 无词义,也不充当任何成分;句 2 中 that 引导定语从句,that 指代 promise,又在从句中充当主语,且that 可以用 which 替换; 可否省略: that 在引导同位语从句时,通常不行省略;在引导定语从句时,如在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,如作主语就不行以省略;3 即学即用 i 请用适当的词填空,使以下句子意思完整;1. they expre

15、ssed the hope they would come over to china soon.2. the fact he didn t see tom this morning is true.3. word has come some american guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4. he can t answer the question he got the money from his home yesterday.5. do you have any idea is actually going

16、on in the classroom.6. the problem we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.ii.以下各句中均有一处错误,请改正;1. our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. i ve come with a message from mr wang how he won t be able to see you this afternoon.3. he must answer the question if he

17、agrees with what she said or not.4. i ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.5. one of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right.iii 把以下句子翻译成英语;1. 我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信;2. 他常常问我这个问题,那就是这个工作是否值得做;3. 他什么也不说,这一事实使大家都感到诧异;4. 在我看来,他刚才告知我的这个消息是真实的;5. 他突然想起他原来应当去接儿子的;key:i.

18、1. that2. that3. that4. how5. what6. whetherii. 1 that whic2h. how that 3. if whether4. where that / which或省略 where5. when that 6. that howiii. 1. i made a promise that i would write to him as soon as i got to beijing.2. he often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.3. the fact tha

19、t he had not said anything surprised everybody.4. in my opinion, the news that / which he told me just now is true5. a thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his son.4d 、 状语从句的种类§1 状语从句的种类用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句;状语从句可分为:1. 时间状语从句2. 地点状语从句; 3. 缘由状语从句; 4. 条件状语从句; 5.

20、目的状语从句; 6. 让步状语从句; 7. 比较状语从句; 8. 程度状语从句; 9. 方式状语从句; 10. 结果状语从句;§2 状语从句的时态特点一般情形下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时 ”表示 “一般将来时 ”,用 “现在完成时 ”表示 “将来完成时 ”;二 时间状语从句§3 时间状语从句( adverbial clause of time)1. 由 when, while, as引导的时间状语从句;【区分】 when, while和 as 的区分: when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词;并且when 有时表示 “就在那

21、时 ”;while 引导的从句的谓语动作必需是连续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应);并且while 有时仍可以表示对比;例如:while my wife was reading the newspaper, i was watching tv. was reading是连续性的动词,was reading和 was watching同时发生 as 表示 “一边一边 ”,as 引导的动作是连续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as 也可以强调 “一先一后;as we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开头下雪了;(as 强调句

22、中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开头下雪的特定时间)2. 由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句;留意before 引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before 引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成 “就,才 ”;仍要留意主句和从句之间的时间关系;当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;假如before 引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,就主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便表达动作发生的先后;after 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后;主句和从句的动 作的时间关系正好与before 引导的从句相反;3. 由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句;till 和 until 一般情形下两

23、者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until ;并且要留意的是:假如主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必需用否定形式;假如主句中的谓语动词是连续性动词时,用确定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同;例如:4. 由 since 引导的时间状语从句;since 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词;一般情形下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时;但在it is 时间 since 从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时;例如:5. 由 as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant,

24、 the minute,等引导的时间状语从句;这些连词都表示“一就”;【留意】 hardlyscarcely, rarelywhen / before, no soonerth相an当于 as soon as之意;主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时;当 hardly, scarcely, rarely和 no sooner 位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序;56. 由 by the time引导的时间状语从句;留意时态的变化:在一般情形下,假如从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;假如主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时;7. 由 each time, eve

25、ry time和 whenever引导的时间状语从句;8. 由 as long as和 so long as引导的时间状语从句;这两个连词表示“有多久就多久 ”;三 地点状语从句§4 地点状语从句adverbial clause of place地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:句型 1:where 地点从句,( there )主句;【留意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”;主句在从句后面时, there 可用可不用; 假如主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there ;句型 2: anywhere/ wherever地点从句,主句;

26、状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等;状语从句都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号;状语从句依据它表示的意思可分为时间,缘由,条件,比较,结果,目的等类;时间状语从句:是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as等从属连词引导的状语从句;时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态;缘由状语从句:because, since, as和 for 都表示缘由; because 语势最强,回答why 提出的问题,用来说明人所不知

27、的缘由;当能够很明显的看出缘由或人们已知缘由,就用as 或 since ;由 because 引导的从句假如放在句末,且前面有逗号,就可以用for 来代替;但假如不是说明直接缘由,而是多种情形加以推断,就只能用for ;目的状语从句:表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导;结果状语从句:结果状语从句常由so.that或 such.that引导,要把握和区分这两个句型,第一要明白so 和 such 后面分别跟什么词;such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词 , 只能修饰形容词或副词;so仍可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, l

28、ittle连用,形成固定搭配;如: the box is so heavy that i can't carry it.让步状语从句:是由though, although引导的状语从句;e、表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语;说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语;表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词;名词性从句在be 等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句,例如:the problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西;how在表语从句

29、中充当方式状语/ the scissors are not what i need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的;what在表语从句中充当宾语/ what i told him was that i would find him a good play.我告知他的是我会给他找个好剧本;what在主语从句中作直接宾语,that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,6不能省略/ that is what i want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的;what在表语从句中充当直接宾语/ that is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试不

30、及格的缘由;why在表语从句中充当缘由状语“that iswhy. ”是常用句型,意为 “这就是的缘由 /因此”, 其中why 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的缘由进行总结,又如:thatis whyyouseethisoldwomanbeforeyouknow,jeanne.珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆显现在你面前的缘由; 前文提到jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她叙述了其中的缘由之后,用这一句来进行概括; / that is why i came.这就是我来的缘由;下面是两个与“that is why.形”式相像的结构,它们与 “that is why.结”构之间的关系要能够辨析清晰:(1) “that is why.与”“that is the reason why.”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“that is the reason why.”中 why引导的是 个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉就与“that is why.结”构一样,例如:that is the reason why i cannot agree.这就是我不能同意的理由;(2) “that is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为 “这就是为

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