第一讲：简单句、并列句、复合句

1、九鼎教育 用心 爱心 关心2015届高考一轮复习语法专项一：句子成分、简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more

2、 and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语

3、从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are stud

4、ents.（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to te

5、ach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form comin

6、g to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your diction

7、ary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to l

8、end his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（

9、分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词

10、或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类

11、如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In orde

12、r to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your que

13、stion after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to becom

14、e a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspap

15、er.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.第一讲：简单句、并列句、复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven

16、 years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：(B型、V型、L型、D型)Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! What _!2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the w

17、all newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. I help him and he helps you. 我帮他，他帮你。The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at

18、the Great Wall.I dont like people who always think of themselves.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主谓（状）不及物动词不能加宾语，但是可以加状语。e.g. You jump, I jump. He came here. Tom lives in Beijing.Can not you stay a little longer?典型不及物动词：go/happen/work/stay/leave2、主系表结构典型的系动词A 起来 feel/ taste/smell/sound/seem/look/e.g. The soup tastes

19、 delicious.B保持的状态 keep/stay/remain e.g. we should keep calm/quiet/ warm.C变得turn/become/goblind/bad/wrong/dead一些不好的、坏的东西growtall/rich等好的方面。客串系动词：stand/sit/lie. e.g.the forest lay peaceful and quiet in the sun.3、主语+及物动词+宾语 该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等

20、.1) I finished reading the book. 我读完了这本书。2) Do you like apples？ 你喜欢苹果吗？3) We discussed it at the meeting last week. 上周我们在会上讨论过那件事。注：不及物动词与介词连用时，其后也可跟宾语。例如：Ann is waiting for Kate at school gate 安正在校门口等凯特。1）哪些常加V-ing 建议抵制享受：suggest、resist、enjoy考虑承认冒险：consider、admit、risk The thief admitted stealing th

21、e money。避免推迟实践：avoid、delay、practise期待成功完成：look forward to、succeed in、finish、2)哪些常加to doAgree同意、offer提出、intend、plan计划、demand、ask要求、promise答应、help帮忙、prepare准备、decide决定、refuse拒绝、dare敢、wish、expect、want希望、想要 fail不能、forget忘记、pretend假装、manage设法、determine决心同意提出做计划要求答应来帮忙准备决定遭拒绝敢于选择有希望不能做到莫假装设法做成决心坚3）哪些既可以加

22、to do 也能加 V-ing（含义有区别的）四记：记得记住：remember、忘记：forget、计划打算：mean、继续：go on力争：try to do 努力做 try doing 尝试做不：stop后悔：regret（含义无区别的）Prefer、hate、begin、start、continue、4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：ask, bring, take, buy, cost, fetch, give, hand, pass,

23、 lend, offer, pay, read, save, send, show, teach, tell, write等。有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，此时间接宾语前需加介词for或to。1) Could you pass me the salt? (= Could you pass the salt to me?) 请你把盐给我好吗？2) Uncle Wang made the farmers many machines.(=Uncle Wang made many machines for the farmers. ) 王叔叔给农民们制造了很多机器。3) Zhou Nan lent

24、 me some money.(.some money to me.) 周楠借给我一些钱。注意lend 和borrow 的区别。相对于主语而言，“借入”用borrow sth from sb. 相对于主语而言，“借出”用lend sb sth/ lend sth to sb.另外注意take 和bring的区别是针对说话人而言，“拿离说话人”，用take, “拿向说话人”用bring.4) Mother bought me a new dress. (.a new dress for me.) 妈妈给我买了一件新衣服。5) The evening dress cost her forty do

25、llars. 这件晚礼服花了她四十美元。 cost 的用法：1. cost sb (money/time)其中时间不能用具体多长时间，只能用模糊的时间段，比如some time/much time/a lot of time/all ones life.2. cost 不能用于被动语态的句子里。另外注意last, break out, belong to, take place, happen 等词很容易误用于被动语态，他们都不能被用于被动语态。3. cost 和belong to 都不能用于进行时态。6) The girl asked me whether I could repair th

26、e bike. 那个女孩问我是否会修理自行车。7) He told me how to make a chair. 他告诉我如何做椅子。(直接宾语为不定式)注：1间接宾语后置与for连用的动词有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。例如：Uncle Li bought me a birthday present(Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me)李叔叔给我买了一件生日礼物。2间接宾语后置与to连用的动词有give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。例如：

27、Please pass him a cup of tea(Please pass a cup of tea to him) 请递给他一杯茶。3间接宾语后置既可与for也可与to连用的动词有do, leave, write, bring等。例如：He brought me a dictionary(He brought a dictionary forto me) 他给我带来了一本词典。（bring 和take 的区别）注：若直接宾语是人称代词时，通常情况下将其置于间接宾语之前。例如：误：Please give me them正：Please give them to me 5、主语+及物动词+

28、复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.You make me happy.1）后面跟V.原型做宾补的：A:使役动词：let、make、have sb do sth e.g.The boss made his employees work 10 hours a dayB:感官动词： 一感：feel，二听：hear，listen to 三让：let，have，make四看：see ，watch，observe ，notice 半帮助：helpLet me try again 让我再试试。I often hear her sing in the next

29、room我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：e.g.He saw a girl get on the bus. 他看见一个女孩上车了（上车的动作已经结束）。He saw a girl getting on the bus. 他看见一个女孩在上车(上车的动作正在进行)。C:help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如：My father often helps me(to) study

30、English 我父亲经常帮我学习英语。2)to do 做宾补ask, tell, teach, wish, trouble、promise、expect、wish（hope不行）、advise+sb + to do3）adj做宾补 I think it necessary to learn English well I feel it very pleasant to be with you. Toms being late made his T angry.4)V-ing / PP 做宾补 后跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有feel, hear, see, watch, keep,

31、 find等。例如:We found a man lying on the ground我们发现一个男人躺在地上。I found the bridge washed away.I felt my heart beating rapidly.I had the bike repaired.5)后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等例如：Ill keep the words in my mind 我将记住这些话英语中并列句的四种类型一、联合关系表示连接两个同等概念（并列、平行、顺承），常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连

32、接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.Doand you will Study hard and youll succeed. Go straight ahead and youll see the hospital.常用的连词有 and( 同，和 ), when(=and just at this time 就在这时，然后 ), not onlybut (also)( 不仅而且 ), neithernor （既不也不）等。如： He helps me and I help him. 他帮我，我帮他。

33、He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English.他不仅给我们出很多建议并且还帮助我学英语。I was just leaving when the telephone rang. 我正要离开，电话铃响了。 注： when 作这种用法时，主要用于 was/were doing sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were about to do sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were on the point of doing sth. when sth.

34、/sb. did 等句型中，表示“当某人或某物正在或正要做某事，就在这时突然又发生了另一事”。 二、选择关系 常用的连词有 or( 或者，否则 ), otherwise( 否则 ), or else( 否则 ), either.or( 不是就是 ) 。如：Door youll e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. Hurry up or well be late.Hurry up, or (else) youll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。 Will he still be there or will he have gone away?

35、 你那时还在那里还是可能已经走了？ You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus. 你好得早点走，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。 Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。三、转折关系 常用的连词有 but( 但是，可是，只是因为 ), while( 而、却 ), yet( 可是 ) 等。 如： It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。 I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。 She said

36、 she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。 She looks very young, but she is already in her 30s. 她看上去很年轻 , 可是她已三十多岁了。 此处，还有副词 still( 仍然）， however( 然而 ) 也表示转折关系。 He is good-natured; still I don''t like him. 他脾气很好 , 可是我还是不喜欢他。 The book is expensive; however, it''s wor

37、th it. 这本书很贵；却很值。 注意： but, while 不与 although 连用，但 yet, still 可与 although 连用。 Although she felt ill, she still went to work. 她虽然感觉不舒服，但她仍然去上班。 四、因果关系常用的连词有 for （因为）和 so （所以，因此）等。如： I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。 The manager was ill so I went in her place. 经理病了所以我代她去。 注意： so 不与 because 连用系动词

38、考点考例1 Most of what has been said about the Smiths_also true of the John sons. A. are B. is C. being D. to be考例 The water_cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels考例 The traffic lights _ green and I pulled away. A. came B. grew C. got D. went考例4 Sa

39、rah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to _before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 考例5Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _fresh for several days.A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed考例6 The flowers _sweet in the botanic

40、 garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother

41、and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt i

42、t?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.单项选择练习一( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and cold D

43、. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We,

44、 us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _

45、I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where单项选择练习二1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. andB. orC. ifD. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt heB. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. How B. What C. What aD.

46、What an4. Let us pass, _?A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do I B. dont IC. is heD. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will youB. had youC. shall youD. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A. thenB. but C. and D.

47、 or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. and B. but C. so D. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sport

48、s lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. or B. for C. while D. so11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. or B. and C. but D. so12. - “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How hig

49、h13. - Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isntC. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone!A. How, is sheB. What, is sheC. How, she isD. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.A. orB. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A

50、. was making B. makesC. is makingD. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell me B. If you would say to meC. You will tell me D. If you tell me19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he20. - I thought you had an umbrel