数控立式X62W铣床的数控化改造设计【含CAD图纸和说明书】
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本科毕业设计（外文翻译）题 目 X62W铣床的数控化改造设计 学生姓名 专 业 班 级 学 号 院 （系） 机械工程学院 指导教师（职称） 完成时间 年 5 月 16 日 X62W CNC milling machine transformation1 general CNC transformation of the need for analysisOur about 3200000 existing machine tools, the machine tool technology status of ageing is serious, according to statistics, about 30% of the total country equipment in more than 16 years, of which nearly 30% of age more than 26 years, all these show the present our country did not go mainly rely on progress of science and technology of machine tools to transform track. In addition, with the development of science and technology, production is dependent on the degree of equipment increases increasingly, the crop of the enterprise, quality, efficiency, cost, safety and environmental protection and labor emotions get equipment restrict, realize the modernization of enterprise oneself be imperative. But according to the data, our metal cutting machine tool production only accounted for similar equipment to have an amount 1 / 28, such as the annual production of all the machines used to replace the old machine tool needs 28 years so, our country is solved at present equipment technical progress is the main way of machine tools.2 domestic and foreign research present situationIn todays world, industrial developed country to machine tool industry height seriously, competing for the development of mechanical and electrical integration, high precision, high efficiency, high automation and advanced machine tool, in order to accelerate the industrial and economic development. For a long time, Europe and the United States, Asia in the international market are in fierce competition, has formed an invisible front, especially with microelectronics, computer technology, numerical control machine tools in the nineteen eighties later accelerated development, put forward more requirements of all users, had become the four big international machine tool exhibition to display machine tool manufacturers advanced technology, for the user, enlarge the market focus. The more famous control system : Japan FANUC series, Mitsubishi series, OKUNIA series, SODICK series, series of Hitachi, Germany SIEMENS series, DECKEL series, Heidenhain series, HELLER series, the United States ALLEN-BRADLEY ( AB ) series, CINCINNANTI series, Num series, FIDIA series of France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland FAGOR series, AG series of domestic series.In the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, they will machine transformation as a new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in the golden age. As the machine tool and the continuous advancement of technology, machine tools transformation is a timeless issue. Transformation of Chinas machine tool industry, but also from the old to the industry into the digital technology-based new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with machine tool of numerical control technical reformation and production line has a broad market, has formed a production line of CNC machine tool and the new industry. In the United States, reconstruction of machine tool industry called machine regeneration ( Remanufacturing ) industry. Engaged in renewable industrys well-known companies: Bertsche engineering company, ayton machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd ( PO ) services group, US equipment company. The United States company has been in China for the company. Rebuilding of machine tool industry in Japan called machine modified ( Retrofitting ) industry. Engaged in refitting industry well-known companies have: Doomsday engineering group, three post machinery company, Chiyoda engineering machine company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineering company, Yamamoto engineering company.Catch up with the pace of computer system structure, accelerate the development of NC system for NC development speed, has become the main trend. The fourth generation computer engineering structure and microelectronic technology as the basis, make full use of existing computer hardware, software resources, development of bus type, module type, open type, embedded on a flexible NC system, which is suitable for machining complex parts, vertical machine tool with CNC system, but also for future automation upgrades the function may be expanded requirements.China s NC system development has the following 3 features:( 1 ) system of high-grade numerical control technology has been a breakthrough. As of I type numerical control system, with multi axis linkage function, fast feed speed in 1.67m / s above, have stronger communication, management function.( 2) universal CNC system is a mature technology. Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute BS9l system, these systems are generally equipped with CRT display, can be configured to DC and AC servo drive, 2 4 shaft linkage.( 3) the economic type CNC system still has vast market prospect. As a result of this kind of system has the advantages of simple structure, cheap price, very suitable for small and medium enterprises in China, is still the most widely applied in CNC system. A typical Nanjing generous JWK series.Our country is big country of production of machine tools, it is the use of power. NC machine tool is the key to the development of machinery industry products, Chinas CNC machine tool in machine tool products in the proportion of the overall low level of. But our country is a developing country, a lot of enterprises financial weakness, not likely to spend a lot of money on a lot of new CNC machine tools, while a large number of universal machine tool can not be all eliminated.Therefore, the transformation of general machine tools CNC machine is a effective way to improve the rate of NC machine tools transformation, less cost, reform targeted, time is short, after the transformation of the machine tool are able to overcome the original machine faults and problems, high production efficiency.3 basic scheme comparison and selectionNC transformation of the main general plan shall include the following contents: the servo drive system, numerical control device selection, electrical equipment, mechanical design, CNC hardware system. Show cent to narrate as follows.The 3.1 servo drive systemServo system is a important part of NC machine tool, its performance will directly affect the machining accuracy, surface quality and production efficiency, it can be divided into 3 kinds, namely, open loop, closed loop, loop.3.1.1 open loop systemOpen loop system is the most simple servo, stepper motor as the open loop system main device, it has the advantages of simple structure ( electrical control and drive circuit is simple ), small volume, light weight, low price, convenient repair and maintenance characteristics3.1.2 closed loop systemClosed loop system, its structure is complex, technical difficulty is great, testing and repair more difficult, cost is high. Closed loop control can achieve good accuracy of machine tools, to compensate for mechanical transmission system in a variety of error, eliminate the gap, interference on the accuracy of processing, generally applied to the high requirements of NC equipment.3.1.3 semi closed loop systemSemi closed loop system with closed-loop system similar to, the position detection device is mounted on the execution component, but mounted on the drive motor end or the end of the drive rod, indirectly measured actuator position or displacement. Due to its wide range of speed ( 0.1 - 3OOO R / rain ), strong overload capacity, and the feedback control, the precision can reach 0.01 0.001nlln, as fast as 0.5 m / s, so its performance is far superior to the stepping motor open loop control, and the feedback link does not include most of mechanical transmission components, simple debugging ratio closed loop, the system stability can be easily ensured, than the closed loop is easy to realize. Therefore, using a closed-loop system, is more reliable and feasible.3.1.4 AC, DC servo motor comparisonClosed loop, half closed loop system can be AC or DC servo motor, the AC speed regulation gradually expanding the scope of application, seems to have replaced DC servo trend. But AC servo control of complicated structure, high technical difficulty, popularity is not wide, and the price is high ( DC servo motor 1.5 20000 yuan / Taiwan, AC servo motor is 2 - 30000 ) in addition, compared to the DC servo motor AC servo motor with large inertia, the small inertia, debugging difficulty big, when the sources are more difficult to repair components. DC servo motor principle similar to DC motor, control system technology is more mature, spread wide, its main drawback is the large volume, large weight, but also with the commutator and brush, increased repair workload.Through the comparison, the success rate, technical difficulty, precision and investment and other factors, decided to adopt DC servo loop control.3.2 numerical control deviceNumerical control device also has a variety of scheme selection. For example, can all of its own design, production; can use SBCs or STD module control; can use readily available numerical control device for a small number of applicable changes or matching. In the factorys practical application, generally use the following 2 kinds of solution. A kind of circumstance is required for the function and requirement of ready-made CNC device can meet, then used mostly to buy ready-made products solution, because of own design is not only a waste of time, investment is not necessarily can save investment, more often, and quality do not necessarily guarantee. Another kind of circumstance is not to buy off-the-shelf products to achieve some special function, then mostly adopt buy price performance ratio as high performance close to the device, and then to supplement or transformation, at least also bought STD template or industrial control computer, single board computer to make.According to the selected DC servo drive and processing requirements, the numerical control device can realize closed loop ( loop ) of control, provides the analog control signal, receives the half closed loop feedback signal to control; three coordinate axis of motion, wherein at least to simultaneously control linkage to complete the arc differential complement; in the processing of can use different size cutter, CNC device with cutting tool radius and length compensation in NC machining, so according to the contour programming and can adapt to the size of tool change, in order to meet the needs of future development and clear structure, decided to adopt the STD template, modular design.3.3 other electrical devicesIn numerical control transformation, also needs to be combined with the numerical control device and servo drive configuration characterized by other electrical parts, including the strong and weak electrical signal conversion, transmission or processing necessary. The input / lucky bird out interface to consider whether isolation, shielding requirements; in addition, but also configure the needed power, all kinds of protection circuit, auxiliary circuit detecting display.3.4 mechanical partsIn the equipment of numerical control transformation, although is the core part of CNC, involve more is microelectronics and electrical, but not of all. If you ignore the mechanical aspects according to the characteristics of CNC machine tools for the corresponding necessary changes, or in the transformation of the design and manufacture of endless and reasonable, the results will give numerical control transformation brings beat all difficulties, and may even lead to failure because of mechanical problems.3.5 CNC numerical control systemThe CNC system is composed of CPU memory template; servo motor interface circuit board; the keyboard, display interface circuit board and a switch quantity input, output interface circuit board. Each template main function is as follows.3.5.1CPU memory boardThe board carried out various data operations, timer in the intervention, timing execution system program, coordination, management of various parts of the circuit to work.In addition, also has a power down protection, power on reset and generates a pulse signal and other functions. At the same time, board memory, for storing system software, computing the results of staging and storage parts processing program. Plate communicationInterface for the boards and peripherals to provide a convenient communication.3.5.2 servo motor interface circuit boardThe plate is connected to the servo motor and the CPU bridge. CPU issued a servo motor control instruction code, through the template D / A conversion, operational amplifier after being sent to the motor drive source, thus realizing the electrical automatic control. At the same time the motor running state, through the detecting device of the pulse, in the plate after processing, in the form of code into CPU, CPU adjust motor control instruction, thereby forming displacement closed loop system. If the pulse signal by F / V conversion, can get the speed control unit feedback voltage, which constitute a closed loop system.分享到 翻译结果重试抱歉，系统响应超时，请稍后再试 支持中英、中日在线互译 支持网页翻译，在输入框输入网页地址即可 提供一键清空、复制功能、支持双语对照查看，使您体验更加流畅X62W铣床数控化改造1.机床数控化改造的必要性分析我国现有机床320多万台，这些机床技术状况老化严重，据统计，全国30%左右设备在16年以上，其中近30%的役龄超过了26年，这些都说明目前我国还没有走上主要依靠科技进步对机床进行改造的轨道。另外，随着科技的进步，生产依赖于设备的程度日益增大，企业的产量、质量、效率、成本、安全及环境保护和劳动情绪都受设备的制约，实现企业的现代化己势在必行。但据资料介绍，我国的金属切削机床年产量仅占同类设备拥有量的1/28，如将每年生产的全部机床用来更换旧机床需要28年所以，我国目前解决设备技术进步的主要途径是机床改造。2.国内外研究的现状当今世界，工业发达国家对机床工业高度重视，竞相发展机电一体化、高精、高效、高自动化先进机床，以加速工业和国民经济的发展。长期以来，欧、美、亚在国际市场上相互展开激烈竞争，己形成一条无形战线，特别是随微电子、计算机技术的进步，数控机床在20世纪80年代以后加速发展，各方用户提出更多需求，早己成为四大国际机床展上各国机床制造商竞相展示先进技术、争夺用户、扩大市场的焦点。较著名的控制系统有:日本FANUC系列、Mitsubishi系列、OKUNIA系列、SODICK系列、日立系列、德国SIEMENS系列、DECKEL系列、Heidenhain系列、HELLER系列、美国ALLEN-BRADLEY(AB)系列、CINCINNANTI系列、法国Num系列、意大利FIDIA系列、西班牙FAGOR系列、瑞士的AG系列、国产系列等。在美国、日本和德国等发达国家，它们将机床改造作为新的经济增长行业，生意盎然，正处在黄金时代。由于机床以及技术的不断进步，机床改造是个“永恒”的课题。我国的机床改造业，也从老的行业进入到以数控技术为主的新的行业。在美国、日本、德国，用数控技术改造机床和生产线具有广阔的市场，己形成了机床和生产线数控改造的新的行业。在美国，机床改造业称为机床再生(Remanufacturing)业。从事再生业的著名公司有:Bertsche工程公司、ayton机床公司、Devlieg-Bullavd(得宝)服务集团、US设备公司等。美国得宝公司己在中国开办公司。在日本机床改造业称为机床改装(Retrofitting)业。从事改装业的著名公司有：大限工程集团、岗三机械公司、千代田工机公司、野崎工程公司、滨田工程公司、山本工程公司等。赶上计算机体系结构前进的步伐、加快数控系统的开发速度，已成为数控发展的最主要趋势。以第四代计算机的工程结构和微电子工艺技术为基础，充分利用现有微机的硬件、软件资源，发展总线式、模块式、开放型、嵌入式的柔性数控系统，使之即适合加工复杂零件、分立式机床用的数控系统的组成，又适合未来自动化升级时功能可扩展的要求。我国数控系统发展具有以下3个特征：(l)高档数控系统技术已经突破。如华中I型等数控系统，都具有多轴联动功能，快速进给速度在1.67m/s以上，具有较强的通信、管理功能。(2)普及型数控系统技术已经成熟。如北京机床研究所的BS9l系统，这些系统一般配有CRT显示器，可配置直流和交流司服驱动，24轴联动。(3)经济型数控系统仍有广阔的市场前景。由于这类系统结构简单，价格便宜，非常适合中小型企业，目前仍是我国应用面最广的数控系统。比较典型的有南京大方的JWK系列。我国是机床生产大国，又是使用大国。数控机床是机械工业发展的关键产品，我国的数控机床在机床产品中的比例总体水平低。但是我国是发展中国家，许多企业财力薄弱，不可能花费大量的资金添置许多全新的数控机床，同时大量的通用机床不可能全部淘汰。因此，把机床改造为数控机床则不失为是一条提高数控化率的有效途径，机床改造花费少，改造针对性强，时间短，改造后的机床大多能克服原机床的缺点和存在的问题，生产效率高。3.基本方案的比较和选择 数控改造主要的总体方案应包括以下内容：伺服驱动系统选择，数控装置的选择，电气设备选择， 机械部分设计，数控硬件系统等组成。现分述如下。 3.1伺服驱动系统 伺服系统作为数控机床的重要组成部分，它的性能优劣直接影响着机床的加工精度，表面质量和生产效率，它基本可以划分为3种，即开环、闭环、半闭环。 3.1.1开环系统 开环系统是最简单的伺服系统，步进电机作为开环系统的主要装置，它具有结构简单(电器控制和驱动电路也简单)，体积小，重量轻，价格便宜，使用维修方便等特点 3.1.2闭环系统 闭环系统其结构复杂，技术难度大，测试和维修困难较多，造价也高。闭环控制可以达到很好的机床精度，能补偿机
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