立式成型铣加工专用机床液压动力系统-液压站设计（含CAD图纸和说明书）
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文译文题目： Machine Tool Hydraulic System 学生姓名： 学 号： 专 业： 所在学院： 指导教师： 职 称： 20xx年 2月 27日Machine Tool Hydraulic SystemHydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military industrial control devices used in artillery, ship devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid is into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump is generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, it can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components turn pressure into a rotating or reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle ：it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oilfilled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel.The present invention relates to a hydraulic system in a machine, particularly suitable for the drive of a member, such as a machine tool cutter, which may be subjected to a suddenly increasing load.When the load on a hydraulically driven machine tool member, such as a slide or rotating tool, increases, the load on the hydraulic motor which drives the member increases accordingly. With this increased load, the pressure of the hydraulic fluid supplied through a pressure line by a pump to the inlet side of the motor increases, and the fluid undergoes a slight compression. To provide continued operation of the motor without a drop in speed, the pump must not only supply the fluid required to keep the motor operating at the desired speed, but, because of the pressure increase resulting from the increased load, must also supply additional fluid to make up for the compression of fluid in the pressure line.If the increase of load on the motor is gradual, the compression of fluid in the pressure line is gradual and, under these conditions, the pump can usually supply fluid at a rate to compensate for the gradual compression of fluid in the pressure line while, at the same time, supplying sufficient fluid at the rate required to keep the motor operating without a significant drop in speed. However, a sudden increase of the load on the motor results in a sudden compression of the fluid in the pressure line, and fluid for continued operation of the motor is not available until the pump has had time to supply the additional fluid in the pressure line required because of the compression of the fluid therein.In some instances, particularly where the pressure line between the pump and the motor is relatively long, the momentary hesitation resulting from the application of a sudden load can have serious consequences. For example, in a large milling machine, where a cutter mounted on a carriage is rotated by a hydraulic motor mounted on the carriage remote from the pump in the base, a sudden increase in the load on the motor due, for example, to full sudden engagement of the cutter with a workpiece, will cause the motor to hesitate until the long pressure line between the pump and the motor can be filled by the pump as the fluid in the line compresses under the increased pressure therein caused by the increased load. However, during the time required for the pump to supply the fluid necessary to compensate for compression in the pressure line fluid, relative feed movement between the carrier and workpiece continues, increasing the load on the motor. This can cause a complete stalling of the cutter and fracture thereof as the feed movement continues.One solution to this problem would be the installation of a large flywheel on the cutter spindle. With the cutter spindle rotating at the desired speed before the cutter is subjected to a sudden increase in load, the flywheel would define a source of stored kinetic energy which would be instantly available to keep the cutter spindle and cutter rotating while the pump is supplying fluid to the pressure line to compensate for the compression of fluid therein. However, the weight of the flywheel increases wear on the spindle bearings, and the increased inertia of the spindle cutter slows down starting and stopping of the cutter. Moreover, one advantage in using a hydraulic motor on a tool carriage to drive the tool instead of an electric motor lies in its lighter weight, which is more easily supported by the carriage, and the use of a flywheel on the spindle cutter would substantially diminish this advantage. Finally, the use of a flywheel is applicable only with rotary driven members. Another possible solution would be to increase the capacity of the pump supplying the hydraulic motor, or provide additional pump capacity available to the hydraulic motor, so that the demands of the hydraulic motor can be met at the same time the pump is supplying additional fluid to the pressure line to make up for the compression of the fluid therein when the load on the cutter increases sharply. Despite the fact that only a relatively small amount of fluid is required in the pressure line to compensate for compression of fluid therein, there is, in the case of a cutter being continuously fed into the work, only a very short time available to supply this fluid, and any additional pump capacity provided to meet this infrequent demand would have to be impractically large to be capable of supplying fluid at the high rate needed. In the present invention there is provided a hydraulic system which, like the flywheel, provides a source of energy instantly available when a sudden load in encountered, but which offers many advantages over the flywheel. With the present invention, fluid can be supplied to the pressure line leading to the inlet side of the motor when needed at a high rate without the expense of large pump capacity. In brief, an auxiliary source of stored fluid under high pressure is provided for the hydraulic motor. This source is normally isolated from the motor, and is connected to the inlet side of the motor only when a sudden increase in load on the motor is encountered. Since only a small amount of fluid is required at a high rate, the auxiliary source of fluid under pressure is connected only briefly to the inlet side of the motor and when disconnected therefrom, is recharged. It is important, in the system of the present invention, that the auxiliary source of fluid under pressure be normally isolated from the pressure line leading to the inlet side of the motor. If such a source were continuously connected to this line, it would take fluid from the line when the pressure in the line was high and deliver fluid to the line when the pressure in the line was low. To prevent stalling of a hydraulic motor encountering a sudden load in accordance with the present invention, however, it is necessary that fluid be supplied at a high rate to the line leading to the inlet side of the motor when the pressure in that line is rising. In the preferred form of the invention, the auxiliary source of stored hydraulic fluid under pressure comprises a hydraulic pressure accumulator which may be conveniently located in the base of the machine, a blocking valve which is preferably located near the motor, and a line connecting the accumulator to the blocking valve. The discharge line from the motor contains a restriction to establish a back pressure in the discharge line between the motor and the restriction which varies as the speed of the motor varies. The blocking valve has an operating port connected to the discharge line between the motor and the restriction, and has a discharge port connected to the inlet side of the motor. The instant the member, such as a rotary tool, driven by the hydraulic motor encounters a load sufficiently sudden to slow the hydraulic motor significantly, the back pressure drops to operate the blocking valve for the release of a surge of fluid under high pressure from the auxiliary source to the inlet side of the motor. This surge of fluid compensates for compression of the fluid in the line between the pump and the inlet side of the motor so that the motor can instantly resume normal speed despite the increase in load on the motor. As soon as the motor resumes speed, the accumulator is again isolated from the motor. Unlike the mechanical flywheel, this system does not increase wear of the spindle bearings, does not prolong starting and stopping of the spindle, and can be utilized to overcome sudden large loads applied to a slide as well as those applied to a rotary member. In a machine tool having a pump in the base, and having a movable carriage with a hydraulic drive motor thereon to drive, for example, a rotary tool mounted on the carriage, the accumulator, which is relatively heavy, is preferably mounted in the base, and the blocking valve is preferably mounted on the carriage. It is therefore one object of the present invention to provide a hydraulic system operable to prevent stalling of a hydraulic drive motor when subjected to a sudden load.机床液压系统液压传动有许多突出的优点，它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件和液压油。动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。 执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。 控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为溢流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。 辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。 液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。液压系统的作用就是帮助人类做工。主要是由执行元件把压力变成转动或往复运动。液压的原理则是由两个大小不同的液压缸组成的，在液压缸里充满水或油。充水的叫“水压机”；充油的称“油压机”。两个液缸里各有一个可以滑动的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的压力，根据帕斯卡定律，小活塞将这一压力通过液体的压强传递给大活塞，将大活塞顶上去。设小活塞的横截面积是S1，加在小活塞上的向下的压力是F1。于是，小活塞对液体的压强为P=F1/SI, 能够大小不变地被液体向各个方向传递”。大活塞所受到的压强必然也等于P。若大活塞的横截面积是S2，压强P在大活塞上所产生的向上的压力F2=PxS2截面积是小活塞横截面积的倍数。从上式知，在小活塞上加一较小的力，则在大活塞上会得到很大的力，为此用液压机来压制胶合板、榨油、提取重物、锻压钢材等。而本发明则涉及了一种在机器中的液压系统，这种液压系统特别适合于一种部件的驱动，如机床刀具的切割，很可能会受到突然增加的负载所影响。当负载在液压驱动机床部件中，如滑动或旋转工件中增加时，构件的液压马达驱动的负载也相应的增加。随着负荷的增加，由液压泵到液压泵入口处的液压油的压力也会随之增加，并且液压油还会被轻微的压缩。为了保证运行的电机在速度方面不会下降，该液压泵不仅必须要供应所需的液压油以保持电动机操作所需的速度，而且，由于压力增加而产生的负载增加，还必须提供额外的液压油来弥补之前在高压回路中被压缩的液压油。如果电机上负载的增加是渐进的，在高压回路中液压油被压缩的速率也是渐进的，在这种情况下，该液压泵通常可以以一定的速率提供液压油，用来补偿在高压回路中逐渐被压缩的液压油，同时，按这个速率提供足够的液压油，以保持液压泵运行所需的速度没有显著下降。然而，液压泵负载的突然增加会导致在高压回路中液压油被突然压缩，并且直到该液压泵有时间来提供在高压回路中所需的额外的液压油，否则的话，由于被压缩的液压油，那么为保持电机持续运动所提供的液压油是不可用的。在某些情况下，特别是在泵和电机之间的高压回路是比较长的情况下，由于负载的突然出现而引起的短暂的停顿很有可能会产生严重的后果。例如，在一个大型铣床内，被安装在箱体上的刀具是通过一个被安装在由远离液压泵底座上的箱体上的液压马达所驱动旋转的，由于电机负载突然增加，当工件与刀具突然完全接触时，将会导致电机暂时停止工作，直到泵和电机之间的长期高压回路能够被液压泵管道内由增加负载所导致的增加压力下的流体压缩完全覆盖。但是，在所需时间内为液压泵提供所需要的液压油，用来
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