Unit 4 Migratory Birds and Coffee

1、Extensive readingUnit 4 Book 1 Migratory Birds and CoffeeLearning objectivesIn this unit you will: understand the relationship between migratory birds and coffee plantingtake a test on fast readinglearn to determine the topic of a reading passagelearn some interesting facts about insectsUnit overvie

2、w Pre-reading discussionText analysisPost-reading discussionNotes to the textExercises Reading skillsPre-reading discussion1. What do you think is the relationship between migratory birds and coffee according to the title?2. How much do you know about the ecology and ecosystem?3. What are the advant

3、ages of traditional coffee plantations?Text analysisDetermining the main ideaThe purpose of the text is to show _. a.how modern coffee cultivation supports migratory birdsb.why migratory birds like shade coffee plantations c.ways coffee plantations are undergoing changes d.the importance of conservi

4、ng of migratory birdsWhile-reading questions1. How many parts can the text be divided into? Whats the main idea of each part? 2. What is the relationship between migratory birds and shade grown coffee?3. What are the advantages of shade coffee cultivation?4. Why do people begin to adopt sun coffee p

5、roduction?5. What are the consequences of sun coffee production?6. How can migratory birds and coffee plantation be balanced?Text structureParts ContentsMain ideas1113Migratory birds and traditional coffee plantation are closely related.21417 Productive sun coffee cultivation problems318 Advocates f

6、or a more bird-friendly coffee plantationPart 1 Relationship between migratory birds and coffee 1. What is the relationship between migratory birds and shade grown coffee?2. What are the different ways of coffee cultivation？ 3. What are the advantages of shade coffee cultivation? Part 1 Relationship

7、 between migratory birds and coffee 1. What is the relationship between migratory birds and shade grown coffee?They are closely related to each other. Migratory birds have found a good sanctuary in the shade coffee plantation.Part 1 Relationship between migratory birds and coffee 2. What are the dif

8、ferent ways of coffee cultivation?Shade coffee plantationSun coffee cultivation Part 1 Relationship between migratory birds and coffee 3. What are the advantages of shade coffee cultivation?Migrants habitatShade trees: commoditiesPart 2 Sun coffee cultivation1. Why do people to adopt sun coffee prod

9、uction?2. What are the consequences of sun coffee production?3. What are the environmental and social consequences?Part 2 Sun coffee cultivation1. Why do people begin to adopt sun coffee production?The manner of sun coffee cultivation produces increased yields. Part 2 Sun coffee cultivation2. What a

10、re the consequences of sun coffee production?It has resulted in major habitat change for the migratory birds in the past two decades.It requires chemical inputs and year-round labor, playing financial demands and need for credits on the growers.It brings about serious environmental and social conseq

11、uences. Part 2 Sun coffee cultivation3. What are the environmental and social consequences?Great soil erosionAcidification Higher amount of toxic run-offA loss of trees Part 3 Advocates for a more bird-friendly coffee plantationHow can migratory birds and coffee plantation be balanced?The maintenanc

12、e of migratory birds relies not only on the conservation habitats but also the quality of human- managed habitats. Notes to the textSome migratory birds mentioned in the textredstarts 红尾鸟红尾鸟Some migratory birds mentioned in the textblack-throated green warbler 黑喉绿莺黑喉绿莺Some migratory birds mentioned

13、in the text parrots 鹦鹉鹦鹉Some migratory birds mentioned in the textwood creepers砍林鸟砍林鸟The main coffee countriesMexico 墨西哥墨西哥Costa Rica 哥斯达黎加哥斯达黎加Colombia 哥伦比亚哥伦比亚The Caribbean 加勒比地区加勒比地区insecticide Para. 2, Line 13countable a chemical used to kill insects 杀虫剂杀虫剂 e.g. About 70% of the cocoa acreage is

14、 treated with insecticide.insecticide (杀虫剂杀虫剂) = insect (昆虫昆虫) + cide (杀死杀死)herbicide (除草剂除草剂) = herb (草草) + cide (破坏破坏)fungicide (杀真菌剂杀真菌剂) = fungi (真菌真菌) + cide (杀死杀死)shade coffee Para. 2, Line 9Shade coffee, also known as “shade-grown coffee”, is a form of the beverage produced from coffee plants

15、 grown under a canopy of trees.荫栽咖啡荫栽咖啡sun coffee Para. 3, Line 14Opposite to shade-grown coffee, sun coffee bushes are exposed to direct sunlight and require high inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as an intensive yearly work force. 无荫栽咖啡无荫栽咖啡be compatible with Para. 5, Line 35 a

16、ble to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination 兼容的，可以并存的兼容的，可以并存的 e.g. Free enterprise, he argued, was compatible with Russian values and traditions.rival Para. 10, Line 60transitivebe equal to in quality or ability 相媲美相媲美 e.g. Many predict 1991 will rival the great vintage of 1965.

17、The Old World Para. 12, Line 66The Old World consists of Africa, Europe and Asia, regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americans. It is used in the context of, and contrast with, the new world (Americas).Map of the Old Worldsound Para. 16, Line 90

18、adjectivein good condition 健全的健全的 e.g. When we bought the house, it was structurally sound.make ends meet Para. 17, Line 101idiomto have enough money to cover expenses; to get by financially 维持生计维持生计 e.g. I have scarcely enough money to make ends meet at the moment, let alone lend you any.ponder Par

19、a. 11, Line 2transitivereflect deeply on a subject 深思；反复思考深思；反复思考 e.g. Philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years.Post-reading discussion1. How do shade coffee plantations help maintain a good environment for migratory birds?2. What are the potential dangers of modern

20、 coffee planting? 3. The text ends with a question. What is your answer? Reading skillsUnderstanding the topicA topic is the subject (who or what) the reading passage is about. It is usually discussed as a whole within a passage. Based on the topic the author expresses his idea. It can be the bigger

21、 one or a smaller one. As a big one it can cover the whole literature work, as a novel, an essay, a play, a film, etc. As a smaller one it covers only one part or paragraph of a literature work. Identifying the topicJust as previewing helps you to understand the important ideas in a book, a unit or

22、a chapter, identifying the topic of what you are reading helps you to focus on the general subject of a reading.Finding the topicTopics are expressed in words or phrases. A title of a reading passage may be a topic. An issue that is discussed may be a topic. To find the topic of a piece of writing,

23、you ask “what or whom is this passage about?” The answer will be the topic.ExampleRead the following paragraph to see how the topic reflects the general subject of the sentences in a paragraph and how it can be stated in a few words.What can you hope to gain from a hobby? If you have ever had a hobb

24、y you enjoyed, you know the interest and pleasure it can give youBut hobbies have other advantages, too，that you might not think of at firstA hobby can give you the satisfaction of starting and carrying through a plan all on your ownSeeing a completed piece of your own work-a chair you have made or

25、a scarf you have knitted gives you a special feeling of prideYou will discover too that when you have an absorbing hobby, you are able to spend time alone quite happilyExampleWhat do you think is the general subject of this paragraph? The first sentence in it raises a question and the rest of the pa

26、ragraph tries to answer the question by giving a list of advantages of hobbies. Part of the first sentence can serve as the topic of the paragraph: What to gain from a hobby. Or we can use fewer words to illustrate the topic, such as “advantages of hobbies.” Practice A1. Running is one of the best e

27、xercises of all. Next time you have to go to the store for a loaf of bread, try running instead of walking. You will be building up your leg muscles and giving your heart and lungs a good workout. Topic: advandages of runningPractice A2.There are many ways to invest your hard-earned savings cautious

28、ly. In fact，there are so many ways that it all becomes a little confusing. One way through the confusion, which financial advisers recommend, is to know what you want to achieve, know how much risk you are prepared to take and go from there. But which way? Two common answers to this question are inv

29、estment funds and investment-led insurance for the long term. Topic: ways to invest your hard-earned savingsPractice A3. A relationship is an invisible link that brings people closer. Cooperation and trust strengthen a good relationship, and help both sides grow and prosper. Topic:a relationship is

30、an invisible linkPractice A4. The most important breakthroughs are coming in cancer, heart disease, brain afflictions such as stroke, and autoimmune diseases such as Type I (juvenile) diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Here are some treatments that could reach patients within fiv

31、e to ten years. Topic: breakthroughsPractice BRead the following paragraphs from Migratory Birds and Coffee. Determine the topic of each by reading the entire paragraph carefully. Write the topic on the line.Practice B1. In both North and Latin America, migratory birds have found a sanctuary in the

32、forest-like environment of traditional coffee plantations. Even in very disturbed areas, coffee plantations support good populations of migrants and other species that prefer or are restricted to forest habitats, such as redstarts and black-throated green warblers, and residents including parrots an

33、d woodcreepers. Topic: a sanctuary for migratory birdsPractice B2. However, because of recent changes in coffee production and marketing, shade coffee plantations are a threatened habitat. In the past twenty years, coffee has begun to be grown with no shade canopy at 11. While this manner of cultiva

34、tion produces increased yields, these cannot be kept for many years without intensive management (additions of chemical fertilizers and a range of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides). Topic: Shade coffee plantations a threatened habitatPractice B3. While technified coffee may mean benefits to p

35、roducers in terms of total crop output a condition which may not hold true over the long run, and already proven false in some areas where sun coffee is being grown In addition, conversion to sun coffee results in a loss of trees, which both provide “insurance”crops to the grower (e.g. fuel wood, timber, and o