18-19Module5SectionⅢGrammar——过去分词作状语和短语动词

1、Section山 Grammar过去分词作状语和短语动词语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟 Seenfrom above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in. Not invited, he became very disappo in ted. Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so in teresti ng. Beaten by the opposite team we did

2、 n't lose heart and en couraged each other. Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter. The buildi ng of a new car factory was agreed on last mon th. Can you try to get them to bring down the price ? Lincoln said that it was not right for the south to break away from the Union.1. 句中黑体部分均 在句中作状语，分

3、别表示 时间、原因、条件、让步、 伴随。2. 根据句可知，过去分 词作状语时，其否定形式 通常是在分词前加not。3. 句的黑体部分是 短语动词，分别由动词+ 介词、动词+副词、动词 +副词+介词构成。语法精要点拨一、过去分词(短语)作状语i 定义及物动词的过去分词作状语，表示被动和完成的意义，功能上相当于一个表 示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等的状语从句，其逻辑主语一般与句子 主语一致。(1) 过去分词作时间状语时，可转换为 when，while，after或before引导的时 间状语从句。Askec( = When she was asked)her future pla ns t

4、he girl said that she wan ted to be a teacher.当问到未来的计划时，这个女孩说她想成为一名教师。(2) 过去分词作原因状语时，可转换为 as, since, because等引导的原因状语 从句。Frightened( = Because/As she was frighte ned)by the tiger the girl did n't dare to sleep alone.因为被老虎吓着了，这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。(3) 过去分词作条件状语时，可转换为if, unless或once等引导的条件状语 从句。Grown(= If thes

5、e seeds are grown)in rich soij these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。Given( = If we were given)more time, we could do it better.如果给我们更多时间的话，我们可以做得更好。 名师点津 此句中的 given 在许多语法书中作为介词处理。(4) 过去分词作让步状语时,可转换为although, though 或 even if 等引导的让步状语从句。Left (= Although he was left)at home, Joh n did n'

6、t feel afraid at all.虽然 John 被 单独留在家里, (但是 )他一点都不害怕。(5) 过去分词作状语表示伴随、方式或状态时,不能转换为状语从句,但是 可转换为并列谓语或并列分句。The teacher entered the classroom followed = and he was followed)by a group of students.老师进入教室,后面跟着一群学生。(6) 作方式状语，如有连词as if,就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；也可 以转换为并列结构。He began to cryas if bitten by a snake.=He

7、bega n to cryas if he was bitten by a snake他大叫起来,好像被蛇咬了。(7) 过去分词作结果状语 (相当于结果状语从句 )。He failed in the competition, blamed by his companionsHe failed in the competition, so that he was blamed by his companions.他在比赛中失败了,受到了同伴的责备。第 2 页名师点津过去分词（短语）作时间、条件或让步状语时，为了明确其意义，有时可在过 去分词（短语）前加上whe n，while，if，on ce,

8、 un less, although等连词，即我们通 常所说的状语从句的省略。If merely drawn on your imagination，the report will not be convincing/假如仅 靠你的想象去描绘，报告是不会有说服力的。Once（it is）seen it will not be forgotten.只要看见了就不会忘记它。即时演练1句型转换 Because she was born in a poor family， Nadia had only two years of schooli ng.f Born in a poor family， N

9、adia had only two years of schooling. Though he is en couraged by his pare nts, he still has no con fide nce in overcoming the difficulties.f Encouraged by his parents, he still has no con fide nce in overco ming the difficulties.2. 过去分词作状语需注意的几个问题（1）过去分词、现在分词和不定式作状语的区别：一般说来，过去分词作状 语，和句子主语是被动关系；现在分词

10、作状语，和句子主语是主动关系；不定式 作状语，一般表示目的。请比较：Seen from the top of the tower， our city looks more beautiful.从塔顶上看，这 座城市更漂亮。（主语the city和see之间是被动关系）Seeing fromthe top of the tower，we can get a wonderful view of our city.从塔 顶我们可以饱览城市的美景。（主语we和see之间是主动关系）To get a won derful view of our city，we climbed to the top of

11、 the tower.为了饱 览城市的美景，我们爬上了塔顶。（不定式表示目的）（2）过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致，请体会下列例句：Asked why she was late her face went red.区）第3页Asked why she was late she went red in the facep) If caught, the police will punish the thief.( x) If caught, the thief will be punished by the police.(V)(3) 有些分词已成为固定结构，当使用时应按固定结构对待

12、，不必考虑它们 与主语的关系。常见的有以下几种：judging by/from. “根据 判断；由 断定”； generally/honestly/frankly speaking “一般 /老实 /坦率说来” ；provided(that).( = providing that.) “ 假 如;在条件下” ;given. “倘若;假定等”;considering(that). “考虑至U”； supposing(that)“如果”Judging by/from his accent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断，他 一定是南方人。I will agre

13、e to go provided/providing that you go with me.假如你陪我一起去， 我就同意去。(4) 独立主格结构分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致。但当分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词，置于动词-ing形式或动词-ed形式之前。这种“名词/代词+动词-ing/动词-ed”结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与动词-ing/动词-ed形式所表示动作的逻辑 关系，如果它们之间表示主动或动作正在进行， 选择现在分词；如果它们之间表 示被动或完成，选择过去分词。Spring co

14、ming or，the trees turned green.春天来了，树变绿了。The question settled they felt released.问题解决了，他们感觉轻松了。即时演练2用所给动词的适当形式填空 Compared(compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. When first introduced(introduce) to the market，these products enjoyed great success. Havi n

15、g fini shed the in terview ,he man ager went to his office, followed(follow) by the in terviewer.二、短语动词1. 动词+副词该类短语动词有的只可用作及物动词，有的只可用作不及物动词，有的既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。He brought up his childre n strictly.他严格教育孩子们。（及物）Someth ing un expected hasurned up.出现了令人意外的情况。（不及物）The barrel of gun powder blew up.火药桶爆炸了。（

16、不及物）The soldiers blew up the bridge.士兵们把桥炸毁了。（及物）名师点津在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置：宾语是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。宾语是代词，只能置于动词和副词之间。2. 动词+介词动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后 面。I don't much care for televisi on.我不太喜欢看电视。（care for= like）He has bee n asked taccount for his abse nee.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。He is a man tobe depe

17、nded on他是个靠得住的人。3. 动词+副词+介词在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的 合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后。We must work hard to make up for the lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。There are some things that teachers will not put up with .有些事情教师是不会 容忍的。4. 动词+名词+介词这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于 介词之后。这类短语动词常可用

18、于被动语态，并且有些可以有两种形式。In some countries people aremaking use ofthe heat in the center of the earth. f The heat in the cen ter of the earths being made use oifi some coun tries. f Use is being made ofthe heat in the cen ter of the earth in some coun tries. 在一些国家，人们正在利用地球中心的热能。即时演练3句型转换 They have made a t

19、errible mess of the house.f A terrible mess has been made of the house by them.f The house has been made a terrible mess of by them. Mary took good care of the childre n.f Good care was taken of the childre n by Mary.f The children were taken good care of by Mary.【导学号:75142031】5. 其他短语动词(1)动词+名词这类动词短

20、语中的常见动词是 have, take, give, make等，后面的名词通常 是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义。have a look看看have a try试一试make an appo in tme nt约会take place发生make way前进make a discovery发现Let's have another try.让我们再试一下。You should make an apologyto him for your rude ness.你应该为你的粗鲁向他 道歉。(2) be+形容词+介词be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词，宾语位于介

21、词后面，短语动词 的真正词义取决于形容词。I know he is slow atun dersta nding so you have to be patient with him.我知道他理解力差，所以你得对他耐心些。(3) 动词+反身代词+介词help on eself to随便吃give on eself to专心于dress on eself in穿着break on eself to突破自己throw on eself into投身于即时演练4介词填空 be late for迟到be angry with sb.生某人的气 be busy with忙于 be short for疋的

22、简励、 be in terestedjn对感兴趣语法应用落实I .单句语法填空1. Offered(offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chanee to become famous.2. Seen (see) from the top of the mountair, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.3. It is reported that the police will soon look into the ease of two missing ehildre n.4. They are broadening the bridge to speedjup the flow of traffic.5. Raised(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to