初中八种时态归纳

1、 一般现在时一意义：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性的状态或者动作的一种时间状态。二一般现在时有两种结构，一种是动词原形，用于主语为非第三人称时的情况；另一种为动词的第三人称单数形式，用于主语为第三人称单数时的情况。1. We often get up early in the morning. 2. We dont get up early in the morning.2. My father often gets up early in the morning. 3. My father doesnt get up early in the morning.三动词第三人称单数变化规则动

2、词第三人称变化的规则与可数名词复数变化的规则相同。 （1）一般在词尾加-s。 如：looks, puts. reads, sees等。 （2）以-o, -s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es。 如：goes, does, misses, passes, mixes, fixes, pushes, wishes, watches, teaches,washes等。 （3）辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i，再加-es。注意一定是辅音字母加y才变，若是元音字母（a,e,i,o,u）加y，则直接加-s。 如：fly flies, try tries, fry fries, copy copies，

3、studystudies buy buys, enjoy enjoys, play plays, say says, pay pays（4） 特殊情况：havehas四一般现在时的用法（1） 表示经常性，习惯性，永久性的动作或存在的状态.通常与副词sometimes, often, usually, always, every day (year, month ), once (twice, three times) a day,等时间状语连用。1. They usually go to school by bike.2. I take the medicine three times a d

4、ay.3. She helps her mother once a week.4. Marys father is a policeman.5. There are 50 students in my class.6. He sometimes goes to school on foot. 7. My father works in the hospital as a doctor.(2)表示客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，等客观事实或格言，谚语等。1.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day. 太阳从东方升起西方落下。2

5、. The man who has never been to the Great Wall is not a real man.不到长城非好汉。五一般现在时的句型转换(1)当句子中有be动词或情态动词时，则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句.例：陈述句：She is a student.疑问句 Is she a student?否定句 She is not a student.陈述句：I can swim.疑问句 Can you swim否定句 I can not swim.(2) 当句子中即没有be动词，也没有

6、情态动词时，则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数), does(单数she,he,it)变成问句;在主语后谓语动词前加助动词dont(I,you,以及复数), doesnt(单数she,he,it)变成否定句，助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。例：陈述句：We get up at 7:00 every morning.疑问句Do you get up at 7:00 every morning?否定句We dont get up at 7:00 every morning.陈述句：She has a little brother.疑问句 Does she have a little brot

7、her?否定句 She doesnt have a little brother. 现在进行时一意义：表示现在正在进行的动作和发生的事或现阶段正发生的事而此刻动作不一定在进行。二基本用法表示现在正在进行的动作和发生的事。1. What are you doing? I am reading a book.2. She is doing homework in classroom.有时表示阶段正发生的事而此刻动作不一定在进行。1. He is teaching at the school.2. We are learning Unit5 these days.可用来表示现在进行时的时间状语，常用

8、的有：now，this week，at the moment，right now 等；或者告诉你一个准确的现在时间，或者用look，listen（常用于句子的开头，表示提醒听者注意正在发生的事情）。1. Listen! She is singing an English song.2. They are playing basketball now.3. Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.4. We are making model planes these days.5. Its 6:30 now.

9、I am getting up.三结构be + doing (be要根据主语的变化而变化)1. My mother is cooking in the kitchen.2. They are watching TV in my sitting room.四句型转换肯定句转化成否定句，要在be后加not构成。主语+be+not+doing stheg. She is reading a book now. She is not reading a book now.eg. The students are playing football.The students arent playing f

10、ootball.陈述句转化成一般疑问句，要把be动词提到句首。be+主语+doing stheg. Tom is doing homework in the classroom Is Tom doing homework in the classroom? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.陈述句转化成特殊疑问句，由“疑问词+一般疑问句”构成。eg. He is working What is he doing?五现在分词的构成直接加 -ing eg. look-looking read-reading以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing eg. mak

11、e-making write-writing以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个字母，再加-ingeg. run-running swim-swimming put-putting sit-sitting stop-stopping特殊情况：lie,tie,die等将ie变为y，再加-ing eg. lie-lying die-dying tie-tying 一般过去时一意义：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常见的时间状语有yesterday, this morning, just

12、 now, a moment ago, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day,in 1998, when等引导的从句等。二基本用法（1）表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。 常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。如：He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。 What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事？Where were you going last w

13、eek? 上周你去了哪里？What happened in 1989？ 1989年发生了什么？（2）在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如：We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。三Be动词在一般过去时中的变化（1）am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt）（2）are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent） （3）带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were放到句首。四

14、助动词do在一般过去时的变化dodid (在过去时里助动词do没有人称和数的变化)如：Did you play soccer yesterday? Did he play soccer yesterday?五实义动词的变化一般过去时用动词的过去式构成。即一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。实义动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则： (1) 一般在动词后加-ed如：playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned. (2) 在以不发音的e结尾的

15、动词后，只加-d如：likeliked, provideprovided, hate hated, datedated(3) 在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后，则变y为i，再加ed如：supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied(4) 在以一个元音加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节结尾的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed如：planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned. 6 句型转换句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 （1） 否定句：didnt +动词原形如：Jim didnt go home ye

16、sterday.（2） 一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。 如：Did Jim go home yesterday? （3）特殊疑问句： 1. 疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday? 2. 疑问词作主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home yesterday? 一般将来时1 意义：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow（明天）the day after tomorrow（后天）soon（很快）before long（不久）this af

17、ternoon（今天下午）in three days (weeks) 三天（周）后 next week (month, year) 下周(下个月、明年) some day 将来的某一天2 结构 肯定句： 主语+ will / shall +动词（原形）+其他 I will buy some books tomorrow. 主语+ be going to + 动词（原形）+其他 We are going to have a party tonight.否定句： 主语+ will / shall +not +动词（原形）+其他 I will not buy some books tomorrow.

18、 主语+ be +not+ going to + 动词（原形）+其他 I am not going to buy some books tomorrow. 一般疑问句： Will / Shall +主语+动词原形+其他？ Will you buy some books tomorrow? Be +主语+going to + 动词原形+其他？ Are you going to buy some books tomorrow? 回答方式： 肯定回答： Yes,主语+will Yes,主语+ be 否定回答： No,主语+will +not No, 主语+be + not 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+s

19、hall /will+主语+动词原型+其他 如：Where will you go next week? 下星期你去哪? What shall I do? 我怎么办呢? How many books will they get? 他们将有多少本书？3 一般将来时的表达方式1. Will/shall+动词原形：不以人的意志为转移表示客观的。也可表示个人意愿以及征求对方意见或表示客气的邀请。在书面语中，shall多用于第一人称;在口语中，will可以用于任何人称。shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。will not=won

20、9;t shall not=shan't如：I will ten years old next year.(客观) Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点你会在家吗?I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday. 我下周一给你看我的照片。Will you go to the movies with us? （邀请）2. be going to +动词原形：表示按照主观意图打算或按计划，安排将要做的

21、事，有“打算、就要”的意思。也常用于表示从迹象上表明将要发生的事情，多指个人主观臆断的推测。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?b. 计划，安排要发生的事。如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发生的事。如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.Look

22、at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看看这些黑云，将有一场暴风雨。 3. be+doing 进行时表将来：go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作。如：He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4. be about to + 动词原形：表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。表示非常近的将来。后面一般不跟时间状语。 如：Dont go out. Were about to have a m

23、eeting. 别出去了,我们很快就开会了。 I was about to start when it began to rain.我刚要出发就下起雨来了。 He is about to leave for Shenyang.他将要离开去沈阳。 We are about to leave. 我们马上就走。 The film is about to begin. 电影马上就要开始了。 I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5. be to + 动词原形：表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。这种结构表示

24、计划中约定的或按职责、义务要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。 如：We are to have a meeting next Saturday. 下个周日我们有个会。 The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 这个男孩明天要去上学。 Are we to go on with this work? 我们继续干吗？ The president is to visit China next week.总统下周来访中国。 We are to meet at the school gate at noon.We are to discuss the report next

25、 Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。6. 一般现在时表示将来（1）时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来。下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。（航班、轮船、火车等时间表）如：The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening. The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does

26、 the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。（2） 用在I bet，I hope后面，常用一般现在时表将来如：I bet you dont get up before ten tomorrow. 我敢说你明天不到十点是不会起床的。I hope you come home early in the evening.7. 现在进行时表将来时下列动词的现在进行时表示将来时e.fly.leave.start.begin.finish.end.arrive.如：She is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow. I am f

27、lying to shanghai tomorrow.四区别（1）be going to和will相比，be going to通常表示主观，will通常表示客观。如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你要做什么？ He will be twenty years old.（2） be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则较远一些。如： He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day. . （3） be going to 含有“计划，

28、准备”的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思。如： She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. （4） 在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如： If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you （5） be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去

29、踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球(主观安排)注意：1. be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 2. Lets 的附加疑问通常使用“, shall we ?”。 如：Lets have a rest, shall we? 3. 问句是“Shall?”，答句就用“shall ”；问句用“Will ？”，答句就用“will ”。要前后保持一致。Shall you go to school next week ? Yes, I shall.

30、Well have an exam./ No, I shall not.Will you have an exam tomorrow? Yes, I will. / No, I wont. 过去进行时1 意义：表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用。2 结构（1） 肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing+其他如：I was waiting for you from eight to ten yesterday morning. He was doing homework at ten oclock yesterday evening.（2） 否定形式：

31、主语+was not (wasn't)/were not (weren't)+V-ing+其他如：I wasnt playing basketball at three last Sunday.（3） 疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing+其他如：What were you doing at that time?（特殊疑问）Was she singing in the room last night?（一般疑问）3 基本用法（1） 过去进行时表示在过去某个时间点或时间段发生的动作或事情。与表示过去的时间状语at that time/moment, (at) this t

32、ime yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)；the whole morning, all day , from nine to ten等连用。如：What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。We were wat

33、ching TV from seven to nine last night.My mother was cooking dinner at 9:00 yesterday. I was sleeping at this time last Sunday.Lucy was working all day. We were watching TV from seven oclock to nine oclock last night.（2） 在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，若从句的谓语动词是延续性动词则用过去进行时，若为非延续性动词则用一般过去时。when后可接非延续动词和延续性动词；while后接

34、延续性动词，用过去进行时。若主句和从句的动词均为延续性动词，则两边都可以采用过去进行时。如：They were watching TV when I entered the room. I was walking in the street when someone called me. I was taking a walk when I met him. Tom was watching TV while Lily was reading newspaper. 汤姆在等车，而丽莉正在看报纸（两个动作都是延续的） He was cleaning his car while I was coo

35、king. 他洗车时我在做饭。（两个动作都是延续的） The children were playing with their toys while I was eating my dinner.我吃饭的时候，孩子们在玩他们的玩具。（两个动作都是延续的） （3） 过去进行时表示婉转语气（只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词），用以提出请求。 如：I was wondering if you could help me. I was hoping you could send me home. I was wondering whether you could come to jo

36、in us. 我想你能否过来跟我们一起活动？（4） 有一些动词一般不用过去进行时：如agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。如： 误：I was knowing the answer. 正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。 误：I wasn't understanding him. 正：I didn&

37、#39;t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。 4 when, while 的用法 when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是短暂性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。 when引导的从句谓语动词如果是短暂性动词则用一般过去时，主句是延续性动词则用过去进行时，从句动作发生在主句动作的时间段之内（长动作用过去进行时，短动作用一般过去时）；如果主句和从句两个谓语动词都是延续性动词则全部用过去进行时,这时when和while都可以用。 when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和

38、主句谓语动作同时发生。 when和while两个词还可以用作并列连词，但意思不同，when相当于“在那时”，等于at that time或just then;而while则相当于“而；却；但是”；相当于but,表示对比关系。如：(1) I was playing computer games when my father got home. （非延续性动词） (2) Mother was cooking when/while I was doing my homework.（延续性动词） 现在完成时1 意义：表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态

39、。动词一般是连续性的如live,teach,learn,work,study,know等。2 结构（1）肯定句：have/has+ done (过去分词) （2）否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)+其他. （3）一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)+其他. 简略答语：Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定） No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定）（4） 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ have / has + 主语+过去分词 3 现在完成时的标志（1） 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,

40、现在完成时通常和，ever, never, twice（once）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年） , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来）,up to now（到目前为止）等词连用。如：They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里) I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿) I cant find my watch now. I think I h

41、ave already lost it. 说明：1. already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。如：I have already finished my homework. I havent finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet? 2. 表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。（since引导时间状语从句；for后接一段时间。如live，stu

42、dy，be，wait等表示持续的动作或状态或表示过去重复的动作，常与since（自从）或for（经历）连用。如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。 （2） 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。 for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（为标志） 注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用4 现在完成时的用法（1） 表示过去发

43、生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影响或结果。如：The car has arrived. 车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口） Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着） （2） 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。如：My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 How l

44、ong have you been here? 你来这里多久了？ Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词。如： 1. 这本书我已经买了三个月了。 错误：I have bought the book for three months. 正确：I have had the book for three months. 2. 你哥哥参军多长时间了？ 错误：How long has your brother joined the army? 正确：How

45、long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier? 5 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 leave - be awayborrow - keepbuy - havebegin/start - be onfinish - be overfall ill -be illcatch a cold - have a coldput on- wearcome/go/arrive/reach - be inget to/ arrive/reach - be inget to know - knowjoin-become/be a member

46、of .close -be closedmove to-live inopen -be openfall asleep - be asleepget up-be updie - be dead用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for时间段” 或“since时间点”。如：He has been in the Green China for three years. He has been a member of the Green China for three years. 他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。 He joined the Party 2 yea

47、rs ago. He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago. I have had the book for 5 days. The old man died 4 years ago. The old man has been dead for 4 years.表示时间段的短语有: for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for

48、 a long time等。6 比较since和for since 后接时间点， for后接时间段。如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a company since 1949. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time7 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in（1） have(has) been to.表示

49、“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。（2） have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。（3） have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：since, for, how long 等。例句：He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海。He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海。(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了) He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了。(也许刚动

50、身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里) Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。 过去完成时1 意义：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。2 结构：had + 过去分词（1） 肯定句：had + 过去分词（2） 否定句：had not + 过去分词（3） 一般疑问句：had + 主语 + 过去分词肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+hadnt. （4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+ 一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）3 基本用法（1

51、） 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在 “过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在 “过去的过去”）The film had begun before I we got to the cinema.He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. 昨夜十点钟之前他已上床去睡了。By nine oclock la

52、st night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.The class had begun when I got to school.I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost.

53、 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （2） 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。We hadnt seen each other since he left Beijing.（3） 叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的

54、事情后，反过来追述或补述过去的过去发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。（4） 过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。如：He sa

55、id that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。She said she had never been to Paris.Tom said he had kept the book for a week.(5) 如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。（6） 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。