(英语语法)现在分词、过去分词和动名词的用法

1、现在分词和过去分词的用法1) AS LiIy missed the bust She WaS Iate for the CIaSSMiSSing the busl She WaS Iate for the CIaSS2) AS the StUdent WaS SCOIded by the teacher, she felt UnhaPPy.SCOIded by the teacher, She felt UnhaPPy.(一) 现在分词的定义：现在分诃(PrCSCmPartiCiPIC)(又称ing形式、现在进行式J ,是分词的一种，由动词原形+in*形式组 成。具有双重性，一面具有动词的特征

2、，町以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征， 町以充当表语，定语，状语，补段语，叮以表示主动或正在进行的动作，是非谓语动词的一种。(-)現在分词的功能与用法：1. 作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有 逻辑上的主谓关系。一般都町以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。c.g a HlIming boy ÷a boy WhO is runningan Old man Standing there ÷ ail Old man WhO is Standing there例如：ThC report indicated tha

3、t 45% Of StUdentS Were in jobs not SPeCifIC qalifications.A. requiringB. to be requiredC. being required D. to have required2. 作补语只有两类动词町以加现在分词作宾补：1) 感官动诃：See hear WatCh feel notice ObSerVre find IiSten to lk at2) 使役动词：have get Inake注意:要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都矣用现 在分词(有些后面町以加不带to的不定式作宾

4、补)。eg. I SaW Tliomas PIaying COnIPUter games Don,t have the StUdentS StUdyillg all day.注意：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。3作表语(1) 分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种超过去分词作表语，究竟是用现在分词 还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等 都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动“，“商兴"，而疼'使激动"、"使商兴"，因而现在分

5、词应该是“令人激 动的"、“令人商兴的"，过去分词则是“感到激动的"和“感到商兴的所以，凡表示''令人的”都是一 ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用一ed形式。这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到商兴一interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的一excited感到激动的delighting令人商兴的 disappointing令人 失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的 PleaSing令人愉快的 PUZZling令人饬解的 SatiSfying令人満意的 SUrPriSing令人惊并的 worrying 令人担心的deli

6、ghted感到高兴的disappointed感到失望的 encouraged感到鼓舞的 PleaSed感到愉快的PllZZled 到费解的SatiSfied感到滿意的SUrPriSed感到惊异的WOrried感到担心的如:TraVeIing is interesting but tiring.The PUPilS Will get COliflISed if they ICam t much at a time.如果让学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。4作状语现在分词作状语多表示时间、条件、艮因、让步、结果、方式、伴随等。思考题1：请将下列句子中的现在分词短语转化为相应的状语从句：Walking

7、 in the street. I SaW him.（时间状语）WOrking hard, you Will SUCCeeCl.（条件状语）Being ill, She Stayed at home. （原因状语）HaVing failed many times, he didn,t IOSe heart.（让步状语）HiS ParentS died. ICaVing him an orphan.（结果状彳番）PIeaSe answer the question USing anotler way.（方式状HC entered the CIaSSrOOnL taking a bk in his

8、 hand.（伴随状语）注意：有些惯用的分词短语在句中町以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在:generally SPeaking 一镀来说 StriCtIy SPeaking 严格来说 narrowly SPeaking 狭 SI 上说JUdging from/by 由判断出roughly SPeaking 大致来说 broadly SPeaking 广义上说（三）现在分词的独立主格独立主格结构（IndePendentGenitiVe）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代诃、后一部分旻非谓 语动词（不定式、动名词和分词）或形容说h副词、或介词短语：前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系n独立主 格结构在句中做状语

9、，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因. 条件、伴随、目的茅。e.g. VVinter COnIing, it gets COlder and COlder.（it 在句中指代的是"天气"）VVeather Pennitting, We WilI go OUting this weekend.思考题2:请将以上两个句子中的独立主格结构改为相应的状语从句。(四)现在分词的时态与语态:主动式被动式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done现在分河的一般式：(1) 现在分词的一般式通常表示其动

10、作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如： ShC Sat there reading a novel(2) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作有时在谓语动词的动作之前发生。如:GOing into the room, he ShUt the door.走进房间，他就关上了门。现在分词的宪成式：现在分词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之丽完成。 HavingfiniShed IIerhOmeWOrk. the Iittle boy began to WatCh TV. 做完作业后，这个小男孩开始看电視。现在分诃的被动式：现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。(1)现在分询的一般被动式。如：T

11、hC building being built is OUr Iibrar).现在分询的完成被动式。如：Having been told many times, he Still did not know how to do it.(人家)已经告诉他多少次了，他还是不知道怎么做。思考题3:请将下列两个句子中的现在分词短语改为相应的定语从句或状语从句。1 The question being discussed is Of great importance.2. HaVing been WanIed by the teacher, tle SnIdelltS didn't make Su

12、Ch mistakes.例如：1. in the queue for half an hour. TOnl SUddCnly realized that he had Ieft his Wallet at homeA. TO Wait B. HaVe Waited C. HaVing Waited D. TO have Waited2. According to a recent U.S. survey, ChiIdren SPent UP to 25 hours a WeekTV.A. to WatCh B. to WatChC. WatChingD. WatCh3. The flu is

13、believedbe VirUSeS Ihat Iike to reproduce in the CelIS inside Ihe human nose and throat.A. CaUSingB. being CaUSed C. to be CaUSed D. to have CaUSed4. The flowersSweet in the botanic garden attract the ViSitOrS to the beauty Of natureA. to SmeIlB. SmellingC. SmeItD. to be SmeIt5. Don' t IeaVe IhC

14、 WaterWhile you brnsh your ICeih.A. nB. runningC. being runD. to run6. They See you as SOmCthing Of a WOrrieLPrOblemS WhiCh don,t exist and CrOSSing bridges IOngbefore YOU COme to them.A. Settling B. CiiSCOVering C. SeeingD. designing答：选C 解析：根据句意'也们把你看成是一个杞人忧天的人，常帝考虑一些并不存在的问題， 为那些尚未发生的事情而烦恼°

15、;F 知,只有SCC才有“考虑"之意。Settle解决；discover发现；design 设计。7. The news reporters hurried to the airport, OnlyIhe film StarS had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. tellingD. told8. You Were Silly notyour car.A. to IOCk B. to have IoCked C. IoCkingD. having IOCked9. The man insisteda taxi for me even though

16、I told him I IiVed nearby.A. findB. to findC. On finding D. in finding10. Tle OId man,abroad for twenty years, is On the Way back to his motherland.A. to WOrk B. WOrkIng C. to have WOrkedD. having WOrked参考答案：110 CCCBB CBBCD二、过(-)过去分诃的概念过去分词只有一种形式，没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过 去分词在句中町用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成

17、分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语 一般.为该分词所表示的动作的承受者。(-)过去分词的功能与用法(1) 作定语过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果灵分词短语， 就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名诃，就是该分词的逻辑主语、如:The StoIen Car WaS found by the POliCe IaSt Week(2) 作表语过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：Theglass is broken. 这个玻璃杯是破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形 容词，如：crowded, devote

18、d, discouraged, done, dressed dnk. experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased. SatiSfied. shut, SUrPriSed tired, UndreSSCd worried, astonished. broken, COmPleted COVered 等。注意：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass WaS broken by my IittIe brother.这个玻璃

19、杯是被我小弟弟打破的(3) 作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语吋，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如:When I OPened the door. I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.注意：动have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是 由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday.昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。（4）作状语过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去 分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去

20、分词意义史加明确，常在分词丽加WheIL if, while, though, as等连词，如:Seen from the hill/ When Seen from the hill. OUr town IOOkS beautiful.GiVeIl InOre time/ If given more time, We COUlCi have done it better. （We 是该结构的逻辑主语， 是give的逻辑宾语。）三、现在分词与过去分词的区别（一）语态不同现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring SPeeCh鼓舞人心的演说the inspire

21、d audience 受鼓舞的听众（二）时间关系不同现在分诃所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分诃所表示的动作，往往灵巳经完成的动作，如：the Changing WOrld正在发生的世界；the Change（I WOrld已经起了变化的世界。四. 动名词（-）动名询的句法功能动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、 表语、宾语和定语。1. 作主语：町以直接放在句诗，也町以用先行代词H作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。eg. Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）Saying is easier than doing.动名词作主

22、语还有以下两个习惯表答法：It is no USe （good） +动名诃:做某事没有用e.g. It,s no USe CryiIlg OVer SPilt milk.（覆水难收）There is no + 动名词（=It is impossible to do sth.）e.g. There is no knowing What may happen.（未来的事无法知道）2. 作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别。e.g. HiS hobby is COlIeCting stamps.（此句为 SVe 结构）町改为：COneCting StamPS is his ho

23、bby. Cf. He is COlIeCting stamps, （is COIIeCting 是谓语动词进行时，此句为 SVO 结构） 不能改为：COlleCting StamPS is he.3. 作宾语A作及物动词的宾语enjoy, Inilid, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, PratiSe, suggest, keep（on）9 misse.g. （2005 年上海卷 32 ） He got Well-PrePared for the job interview, for he COUldlrt riskth

24、egood opportunity.A. to IOSe B. IOSingC. to be IOSt D. being IOSt答案为B有些动词（attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, IOVe）后面既T以接不定式作宾语，也7T以接动名 词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一 种动作。e.g. I Iike SWimming but I don,t Iike to SWinI in winter.动词Prefer后面接不定式作宾语时，句子结构与接动名词作宾语是不一样。c.g I Prefer to drive

25、 rather than to be drivenI Prefer driving to riding思考题：请糊译以上两个句子。有些动词， forget, remember, regret等，后面接动名词表示的动作宪于谓语动词动作，不定式 表示的动作后于谓语动词0cg When asked by police, he Said that he rememberedat he party, but not.A. to arrive, IeaVing B. to arrive, to IeaVe C. arriving, IeaVing D. arriving, to IeaVe 在下 列句型中

26、动名词作真正宾语：动词+it （形式宾语）+宾补+动名润（真正宾语） e.g. I think it no USe telling them.We think it no good inviting to him.B.作介词的宾语e.g The PreSident SPOke at the business meeting for nearly an hourhis notes.A. bringing UP B. referring to C. IOOking for D. trying Onbe USed to doing 习惯于做;lk forward to doing 盼望做；devot

27、e one,s Iife to doing 致力于做；SPCnt time （in） doing 花时间做;be fond Of doing 專爱做;be good at doing 扌吏长做；be PrOUd Of doing 为 做而自豪;be tired Of doing对做感到厌; feel like doing欲想做；go On doing继续做（原来 的事）;keep On doing 不仔地做；What about doing 做怎么样；think Of doing 考虑做;be interested in doing 对做感兴趣;have SOme difficulty/trouble （in） doing 做某事有困难;be busy （in） doing 忙 于做;instead of doing做而不做e.g EVerybOdy in the Village IikeS JaCk because he is good at telling andjokesA. turning UP B.