考研英语攻克大法阅读高分十二大策略

1、一、应试总则翻开考研英语试卷的阅读部分，考生首先应当掌握的最基本的应试总则可以概括为12个字：文章思路、 圈点到位、重叠原文。事实上这12个字已经概括了阅读解题的全部过程。第一步“文章思路”是指考生首先应对文章总体的思路和结构有一个大概的了解，先不要急 于去读题目，而是应当将文章从头到尾看一遍，弄淸楚文章的中心意思，这一遍阅读的目的 并不是要立即找到答题所需耍的信息点。在阅读的时候还要有主次之分,文章的第一段是文章的灵魂和核心，也应当是第一遍阅读 的重点所在。考生要尽量将第一段的每一句话都理解透彻，因为掌握了第一段，就已经基本 了解掌握了整篇文章的内容，至于其他的段落可以加快速度，看得懂就看，

2、看不懂就暂时跳 过去，在不懂的地方做出记号，留待以后解决。读完文章并理清思路后就可以接着阅读试题, 命题专家在设计考卷时，题目排列的次序与文章的布局基木是相吻合的，也就是说题目所需 要的信息点在文章中应当是按顺序出现的，这一点对于基础差的考生相当重要，因为考生完 全可以根据每篇文章题目的题干來推测文章大致的内容和思路。有些考牛在把握文章思路时常常会陷入困境，他们虽然也从头到尾把文章读了一遍，但还 是搞不清文章到底在讲什么。如何扫淸阅读理解屮出现的盲点？笔者建议考牛在第一遍阅读 吋注意以下儿点：1. 文章中有些信息对以忽略，例如有关职务、头衔、社会地位等补充性说明；2. 第一遍阅读时，对暂时不管

3、句中破折号后所提供的旁支信息；3. 复杂的难句看清主、谓、宾即可，其他辅助信息除非与解题佇关，否则亦可暂时不管；4. 上下文中平行对称的地方经常内容相同,所以这些互相对照的内容也可帮助考生消除盲 点；5. 做题时应注意：因为命题时要求选项部分的语言难度要低于文章语言的难度，所以读懂 选项的语言常会帮助考生正确理解文章的内容。第二步“圈点到位"，是就'市题而言，实质上就是要求考牛审题到位，弄清楚题1=1针对文 章的什么内容提问。考生在读完题目后通常会返冋到文章里去寻找答案，这吋乂会出现另一 种情况，有些考生文章都看懂了，可就是找不到答案在哪里。出现这种情况的根本原因是考 生没有

4、审清题意，没有弄清楚题ii要求考生在文章屮寻找什么信息，因为绝人部分题目是针 对文章的具体内容提问。所以只要考生审题到位，返回原文搜索答案时，即可圈点出相应的 内容，从而缩小寻找范围，大大提高止确率。2000年考研试题的20道阅读题中只有4道题 目（3道主旨题，1道判断题）无法依据题干语言在原文中圈点，其他的16道题目均可根据 题干命题语言在文屮圈点出相应的内容，答案基本就在所圈语句的附近。所以只要能在掌握 文章思路的基础上做到“圈点到位”，基木上所有的阅读题目都可以迎刃而解，特別是具体的 细节题，可以说是手到擒來。笫三步“重叠原文”，即完成题hz后检查所找到的答案是否正确。设计阅读题时，选项

5、通 常是这样四种情况，假设选项内容是一个圆，文章内容也是一个圆，第一种情况是两者相距 其远，根本没有相交的地方，内容完全不一样，这种选项很容易就被排除掉；第二种情况是 这两个圆相切，即只有很小一部分互相联系，但会有一部分考生选这个选项，因为选项的内 容文中有所提及，有一定的迷惑性；第三种情况是这两个圆相交，有大部分内容重叠，考生 往往会选择这种选项。较z前者，这种情况的迷惑性更大，也是最危险的干扰项；但只有符 合第四种情况，即两个圆完全重合、内容完全相符的选项才是止确答案。因此在检杳时，考 生耍做的就是把所选的选项与文章中相应的内容做比钱，看其是否能与原文重叠。在判断选项是否能重叠原文时，考生

6、常常也会感到迷惑，无法判断选项是否与原文内容完 全重叠，这是因为命题专家在设计考题时会使川一些语言来迷惑考生，从而测试考生的英语 水平和阅读能力。一般说来，事实上命题专家最常川的育四种方式：“语言简化"、“反话正 说”、“正话反说”和“关键词替换”。“语言简化”是命题专家命题使用语言时所必须遵守的总则。在设置选项时，四个选项的长 度及句法不应有太大差异，而选项所使用的语言难度必须低于文章木身的难度。这一点对考 生人有帮助，因为考生可以利川选项來理解文章。这一原则儿乎在所有的阅读试题中都有所 体现，故此笔者在这里就不再列举。“反话正说''的命题方式是指选项用肯肚的方式来

7、表述文中用否定方式所表述的内容。仅在 2000年的考研试卷中，就有四道题目采用了这种命题方式。例ufew americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle：the author seems to believe the revival of the u.s. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.aturning of the business cyclerestru

8、cturing of industrycimproved business managementdjsuccess in education2000 年 54 题a正确答案第三种常用的命题方式“正话反说匕是指文中用肯定方式表述，而选项用否定方式表述, 两者意义相吻合。这一命题方式在近年的试卷中也可找到例证。how many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? newton did because he was not trying to predict anything*

9、 he was just wondering, his mind was ready for the unpredictable* unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research, if you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research, scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but histo

10、ry is filled with examples of it.the author asserts that scientists.ashouldnt replaceuscientific methodmwith imaginative thoughtshouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingscshould write more concise reports for technical journalsdjshould be confident about their research findings1999 年第 68

11、题b正确答案“关键词替换”是出现最频繁的命题方式，几乎每年都有一些用这种方式设置的题目。例this speeding up of life, says the futurist, receives a new form of expression.futurists claim that we mustaincrease the production of literatureuse poetry to relieve modern stressc develop new modes of expressiond avoid using adjectives and verbs2000 年 6

12、1 题c正确答案命题专家常常采用“语言简化”、“反话正说”、“正话反说”、“关键词替换”这四种方式设置 考题，对考生进行干扰。考生在了解这些方式后，就可以反其道而行之，利用这四种命题 方式来检查所选选项是否与原文重叠.二、主题原则主旨题型又叫主题原则，主要针对文章主题设问，考查考生对通篇文章的理解和把握，但 是要特别注意和下面这种题型区分开来。笔者建议考生在做主题题型时遵循这样的原则：因为此类题干扰性最大，难度也最大，考 生须读完全文才能准确把握文章主题。所以考生拿到这种题时，不要急于去找答案，不论其出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道 题来做，因为在做另外三道题时，无疑有助于加深对整个文章的理解

13、。而且，事实上，首 先做主旨题，考生往往还会回过头来核查答案，这样耗时间，做题效率低。主题题型分为以下两种。1 明确的主题题型此类题型位置较为固定，一般是第一个问题或最后一个问题，要求考生为文章选择合适的 标题或是总结文章的中心思想。此类题型相对难度较小。if you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems, your humor must be relevant to the audience and

14、should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view, depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different if you are talking to a group of managers> you may refer to the disorganized methods of their

15、 secretaries； alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.here is an example, which i heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors, a man arrives in heaven and is being sho

16、wn around by st. peter, he sees wonderful accommodations beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his fo

17、od and stomps over to a table by himself.uwho is that? "the new arrival asked st. petenuoh, thats godcame the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctorif you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all

18、 of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties, with other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman

19、, you will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoat like the post office or the telephone system.if you feel awkward being humoroust you must practice so that it becomes more natural include a few casual and apparently off_the_cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner,

20、often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark.look for the humoi; it often comes from the unexpected, a twist on a familiar quoteif at first you dont succ

21、eed, give upvor a play on words or on a situation, search for exaggeration and understatements, look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humorthe best title for the text may be ause humor effectivelyvarious kinds of humorcadd humor to speechdjd

22、ifferent humor strategies2002 年 45 题a正确答案2 隐蔽的主题题型这类题型在设问时较为隐蔽，不像明确的主题题型会直接问“文章的主题是什么”，而且位 置也很随意，不会固定在第一道或最后一道。下列例题即为隐蔽的主题题型经常出现的形 式，考生应熟悉此类题型的语言形式，以利于审题时准确判断题型。例when it comes to the slowing economy, ellen spero isnt biting her nails just yet. but the 47_year_old manicurist isnt cutting, filing or p

23、olishing as many nails as shed like to, either, most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. spero blames the softening economy.“im a good economic indicator, "she says, “i provide a service that people can do without when theyr

24、e concerned about saving some dollars.so spero is downscaling, shopping at middle_brow dillards department store near her suburban cleveland home, instead of neiman marcus"i dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too."she says.even before alan greenspans admission that america

25、s red_hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves, from car dealerships to gap outlets> sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending, for retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between thanksgiving a

26、nd christmas> the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time, already, experts say,holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace, but dont sound any alarms just yet. consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long_term pros

27、pects even as they do some modest belt_tightening.consumers say they re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good, home prices are holding steady in most regions, in manhattan9 "theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 mil

28、lion range> predominantly fed by wall street bonuses ”says broker barbara corcoran. in san francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.“instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three, says john tealdi, a bay area real_estate broken and most folks still

29、feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.many folks see silver linings to this slowdown, potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates, employers wouldnt mind a litter fewer bubbles in the job market, many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market

30、swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom, diners might see an upside, too. getting a table at manhattans hot new alain ducasses restaurant used to be impossible* not anymore, forthat, greenspan&co. may still be worth toasting*to which of the following is the

31、 author likely to agree?aa new boom, on the horizon.tighten the belt, the single remedy.cjcaution all right, panic not.djthe more ventures, the more chance.2004 年 55 题c正确答案三、态度原则命题专家命题时，为了验证考生到底有没有读懂文章，会就整个文章或某个语言区域相对 较为主观的态度设问。作者态度题有两种题型：1 文章作者态度题这种题目对考生而言难度较大，迷惑性也较强，因为命题专家是针对整篇文章设问，考生 很难找到具体对应的语言点

32、，所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在谈一件事时是用反讽的口气，还是赞成的语气，此类题所给的答案选项一般是 四个形容词，考生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所表达的意思，然后返回文章去寻找 感觉。特别提醒考生要牢记所遇到的构成作者态度题选项的每一个形容词。做文章作者态度题时，千万不要把考生自己的态度揉进文章中，同时要注意区分作者本人 的态度与作者引用的观点态度。文章作者态度是作者说话的口气(tone),不是考某一个语 言点，而是文章中数个语言点串起来的一根线给读者的整体感觉。例could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?

33、since opec agreed to supplycuts in march, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last december, this near_tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled9 and 19791980, when they also almost tripled, both previous

34、shocks resulted in double_digit inflation and global economic decline* so where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?the oil price was given another push up this week when iraq suspended oil exports, strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisp

35、here, could push the price higher still in the short term.yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. in most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s in europe, taxes

36、account for up to four_fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price, energy conservation, a shift to

37、other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energyntensive industries have reduced oil consumption, software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production, for each dollar of gdp (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973

38、. the oecd estimates in its latest economic outlook that, if oil prices average $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of gdp. that is less than one.quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. on the other

39、 hand, oilmporting emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energy_intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.one more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backbone of general

40、 commodity_price inflation and global excess demand, a sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline, the economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. in 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70% , and in 1979 by almost 30% from the text we can see tha

41、t the writer seems aoptimisticsensitivec gloomyd scared2002 年 55 题a正确答案2 局部作者态度题此类题目考查考生对局部细节所体现出的作者态度的理解，因此做此类题时，考生不能再 像前一种态度题一样去找“感觉”，而应当回到文章局部上，落到实处。例in the last half of the nineteenth century, ucapitalnand4iabournwere enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines, many an ol

42、d firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers, the change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second an

43、d third generation after the energetic founders, it was moreover a step away from individual initiative9 towards collectivism and municipal and state_owned business, the railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business ! a

44、t the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.the growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences, such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the n

45、umbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business* all through the nineteenth century, america> africa ind

46、ia, australia and parts of europe were being developed by british capital and british shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation< towns like bournemouth and eastbourne sprang up to house largeucomfortablenclasses who had retired on their incomes, and who had

47、no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management, on the other handushareholdingmeant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later victorians for the highest purpose of a g

48、reat civilisation.the“shareholdcrs”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which they held shares, and their influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good, the paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation w

49、ith the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away, indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such p

50、ersonal relations impossible* fortunately however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions> at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them, the cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two p

51、arties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.the author is most critical of ajfamily firm ownerslandownerscjmanagersdshareholders1996 年 62 题d正确答案在谈到family firm owners时，作者只是说："通过雇用一大批专业人员，这一变化适应了 新时代的技术要求，防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降通常是家族公司在精力充沛的创立 者之后的第二三代破产的原因。”这是很客观的

52、表述，在谈到landowners时说：“对资本与 企业的如此大规模的非个人运作大大增加了作为一个阶层的持股人的数量及地位的重要 性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了不由个人负责的财富与土地及土地所有者的义务的分 离，这也在同样程度上意味着（不由个人负责的财富）与经营管理责任的分离。“也是很客 观的表述，没有表明自己的态度。c选项在原文中有两处提及，但都是指带薪经理，对经理 并没有进行任何批评性评论，因而也不符合题意。只有d选项对应原文中 the''shareholders“as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or nee

53、ds of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.”像这样的，持股人,对所持股票公司雇用的工人的生活，思 想和需求一无所知，他对资本与劳工关系没有什么好的影响。“显然，作者对这种”持股人“持 批判的态度，所以d是正确答案。实际±, 1996年第62题命题也可以直接以下面的形式出 现：the authors attitude towards shareholders

54、 is.abiasedpositivecsympatheticdcritical四、首段原则首段原则应用于根据首段内容所设置的题目，它包括两种形式：首句原则和末句原则。1 首句原则回顾近几年的考研阅读题，细心的考生会发现历年考研试卷中都有题目针对首段第一句话 设问，为什么会出现这种情况？原因很简单，考研阅读所选的文章均是议论文和说明文， 此类文章的文体要求在首段提岀观点、突出中心，因此第一段就好像全篇文章的一个总纲, 确定了文章的主要内容，而第一句话常常是一个自然段的主题句，首段首句自然就成为常 考且必考的一个考点。例it is said that in england death is pr

55、essing, in canada inevitable and in california optional, small wonden americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century, failing hips can be replaced > clinical depression controlled cataracts removed in a 30_minute surgical procedure, such advances offer the aging population a q

56、uality of life that was unimaginable when i entered medicine 50 years ago. but not even a great health_care system can cure deathand our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours<what is implied in the first sentence?ajamericans are better prepared for death than other

57、 people.americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.c americans are overconfident of their medical technology.d americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.2003 年 56 题c正确答案2 末句原则有时一个自然段的主题句也会出现在段末，因此考点也相应转向末句。例technically > any substance other than food that alters our bo

58、dily or mental functioning is a drug, many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts, they dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs, this is why the more neutral term substance is

59、now used by many physicians and psychologists, the phraseusubstance abusevis often used instead of%4drug abuseto make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine."substance abuse”is preferable todrug abusein thatasubstance can alter our bodily or mental