细胞中糖类和脂质知识点

1、<第四节细胞中的糖类和脂质>一、细胞中的糖类主要的能源物质1. 元素组成： C、 H、 O特点 :大多数糖H:O=2:1化学组成大多符合Cm（ H2O） n 碳水化合物2. 糖类的功能： 主要能源物质组成生物体的重要成分3. 糖的种类和功能：分类概念种类分子式分布主要功能核糖(CHO)组成核酸组成 RNA的成分五碳糖5105动、植物细脱氧核糖(C 5H10O4)的物质组成 DNA的成分胞不能水葡萄糖细胞中的重要能源物质单糖解的糖六碳糖果糖(C 6H12O6)植物细胞组成其他复杂化合物半乳糖动物细胞蔗糖甘蔗、甜菜中含量水解后（葡萄糖 +果糖）储能物丰富能够生植物细胞发芽的小麦、 谷控

2、麦芽糖质，能水二糖成两分(C12 H22O11)中含量丰富， 都能（葡萄糖 +葡萄糖）解成葡萄子单糖提供能量糖而供能的糖乳糖人和动物的乳 汁动物细胞（葡萄糖 +半乳糖）中含量丰富植物粮食作物的种子、 变态根淀粉或茎等储藏器官中储存水解后植物细胞能量能够生纤维素植物细胞的细胞壁中， 支持保多糖成许多(C H O)n护细胞6105单糖的肝糖原动物的肝脏中储存能量糖调节血糖糖原动物细胞动物的肌肉组织中储存肌糖原能量4. 糖类的转化：脱水缩合脱水缩合单糖二糖多糖5. 分类水解水解1）按归属分类：2）按功能分类：细胞生命活动的主要能源物质：葡萄糖生物部分细胞中的储能物质：淀粉、糖原参与生物细胞构成的物质

3、：核糖、脱氧核糖、纤维素3）按还原性分类：还原性糖：单糖葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、核糖、脱氧核糖；二糖麦芽糖、乳糖非还原糖：蔗糖、淀粉、纤维素、糖原等（多糖都不是还原性糖）二、细胞中的脂质1. 化学组成： C、 H、 O、(N 、 P)2. 特点： 脂质与糖类相比， O含量较少，而 H 的含量较多。3. 化学性质：脂质分子结构差异很大，但是都不溶于水，易溶于有机溶剂，如氯仿、丙酮、乙醚等。4. 脂质的分类、分布及功能按功能分按化学本质元素分布功能类分类组成动物 ：皮下、大网膜和肠系1）细胞内良好的储能物膜（固态）质；储能脂质脂肪C、H、O植物 ：花生、油菜、向日葵、2）很好的绝热体， 起保温松子、

4、核桃、蓖麻等含有较作用；高的脂肪储存在它们的种子3）缓冲和减压作用， 可以里（液态）保护内脏器官。结构脂质磷脂C、H、O、 人和动物的脑、卵细胞、肝构成细胞膜、细胞器膜和N、 P脏以及大豆种子中核膜的主要成分胆固醇功能 ：细胞膜的重要组成成分，参与血液中脂质的运输固C、H、 O功能 ：促进人和动物生殖器官的发育以及生殖细胞的形调节脂质有 的 含性激素成，激发并维持第二性征醇有 N、P维生素 D功能 ：促进人和动物肠道对Ca 和 P 的吸收。三、生物大分子以碳链为骨架1. 单体和多聚体单体 ：是指组成生物大分子（多糖、 蛋白质、 核酸）的基本单位。多聚体 ：单体连接而成的大分子物质，被称为单体的

5、多聚体。单体（基本单位）多聚体（生物大分子）单糖（葡萄糖）多糖氨基酸蛋白质核苷酸核酸每一个单体都以若干个相连的碳原子构成的碳链为基本骨架，由许多单体连接成多聚体。2、补充主要能源物质：糖类动物细胞内的储能物质：糖原在生物体中重要能源物质：葡萄糖植物细胞内的储能物质：淀粉主要储能物质：脂肪根本（最终）能源来源：太阳能直接能源物质：ATP知识赠送以下资料英语万能作文 (模板型）Along with the advance of the society more and more problems arebrought to our attention, one of which is that.随

6、着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是_。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而，对于此类问题， 人们持不同的看法。 (Hold different attitudes 持不同的看 ;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法 )As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.随着社会的发展，人们开始关注.People are attach

7、ing more and more importance to the interview during job hunting求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversialdebate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may havedivergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得 _的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点

8、。In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves ina dilemma.在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people arein alarm that.最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心_。The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, withthe increasingly rapid eco

9、nomic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、 都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。. plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggestconcern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?"_显得非常重要而成为当今世界所

10、关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是："我们该如何抉择 ?"Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges,现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。The controversial issue is often brought into public focus

11、. People fromdifferent backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。When asked ., some people think. while some prefer.说到 _，有人认为 _，而另一些人则认为 _。Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on th

12、is issue vary from person to person.俗话说， ""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without sayingthat.万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，_。When it comes to ., most people believe that .,

13、but other peopleregard .as .提到 _问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_.When faced with., quite a few people claim that ., but other peoplethink as.提到 _问题，仅少数人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . There whocriticize .argue that ., they believe that .,but people who favor ., on theo

14、ther hand, argue that.目前，_问题争议较大。批判 _的人认为 _，他们认为 _，不过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为 _。Some people are of the opinion that.有些人认为 _。Many people claim that.很多人认为 _。A majority of 绝大多数A large number of 很多人Some people contend that . has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)有些人认为 _有很多有利之处 (不利之处 )。Those who argue

15、 for . say that .economic development of the cities.觉得 _的人认为， _ 城市的经济发展。Some people advocate that .有些人在坚持认为 _。They hold that . 他们认为 _。People, who advocate that ., have their sound reasons (grounds)坚持认为 _的人也有其说法 (依据 )。Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.那些从中受益的人

16、对此大家褒奖。Those who strongly approve of . have cogent reasons for it.强烈认同 _的人有很多原因 。Many people would claim that.有人会认为 _。People who support . give some or all of the following reasons.那些支持 _观点的人列出了如下原因：_。But others hold the view that .但是，另外一些人则认为_。观点的用词： Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组： Take, have,come

17、up with，set forth, put forward 等。But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that.,.不过，另一方面，也有少部分人坚持认为_。But people who are ., on the other hand , maintain that.不过，另一方面， _的人认为 _。However, there are a large number of people who hold a different viewconcerning this cas

18、e.然而，很多人对此有不同的看法。问题用词： Issue, phenomenon，后接介词 , on, over 等。However, some others argue that. 然而，另一些人则认为_。However, there are also some others who contend that.然而，也有人认为 _。But otherpeopleset forthcompletely totallydifferentargumentconcerning this case.不过，对于此，另一些人则持完全不同的观点。Some people examine this issue

19、from another angle.有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly .另一方面，也有很多反对的人，他们认为_。According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer . rather than.根据我的个性以及兴趣，我选择_而不会选择 _。Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion.就我个人而言，我支持后者(前者 )_。Personally, I am i

20、n favor of the former point of view.就我个人而言，我较同意前一种看法。To my point of view 我认为To my mind, the advantages far overweigh the drawbacks(disadvantages,shortcomings)我认为，优点胜过缺点。For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that.就我而言，我较赞同后一种观点_。As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side o

21、f the latterview.在我看来，我较同意后一种观点。After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latterview that.经过深思熟虑，我较支持后一种看法，亦即_。If asked to make a decision, I would prefer.如果真的需要作出选择，我宁愿_。展现问题篇问题的常用词： question, problem, issueRecently, the issue of . has been brought into public focus.近来， _的问题

22、引起了社会的广泛关注。Now we are entering a brand new era fullof opportunitiesandinnovations, and great changes have taken place in people s attisome traditional practice.现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in the limelight and hasaroused wide concern in th

23、e public.近来，是否 _的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。The issue whether it is good or not to . has aroused a heated discussionall over the country._的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。At present, some people think .while others claim .Both sides havetheir merits.目前，一些人认为 _而另一些人则认为 _。其实，两种观点都其可取之处。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。The controversial issue is of