湖南科技大学普通化学01绪论PPT课件

1、2021/7/241General Chemistry2021/7/242教材：普通化学 (第五版)浙江大学普通化学教研组编王明华 徐端钧 周永秋 张殊佳 修订高等教育出版社，北京出版年：2002年7月2021/7/243 周一：周一： 5-6 5-6 一教一教 404404（第（第1-101-10周）周）五五一教一教 204204（第（第4-84-8周）周）2021/7/244 绪论绪论第一章第一章 化学热力学基础化学热力学基础 第二章第二章 化学反应的方向、限度和速率化学反应的方向、限度和速率 第三章第三章 酸碱平衡与沉淀平衡酸碱平衡与沉淀平衡 第四章第四章 电化学基础电化学基础 第五章第

2、五章 物质结构基础物质结构基础第六章第六章 元素及其化合物元素及其化合物第七章第七章 高分子化学简介高分子化学简介 2021/7/245 课堂出勤10% 习题20% 期末70%2021/7/246 认真完成作业认真完成作业,每章交一次每章交一次（交作业的最大益处是可以得到老师的批改，因此有助于及时发现自己尚未完全理解的问题。所以我们建议同学们选择交作业。） 作业应当按时按时交给老师，迟交的作业将不会被接受。 按照化学学院规定，教师每次批改三分之一同学的作业。2021/7/247u 浙江大学普通化学教学组编，普通化学高等教育出版社，2002u 傅献彩编，大学化学高等教育出版社，2003u 曲保中

3、等编，新大学化学高等教育出版社，2005u 张密林主编， 大学化学哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2005u 华彤文等编，普通化学原理北京大学出版社，2005u 段连运等译，化学与社会化学工业出版社，2008u 宋天佑，简明无机化学高等教育出版社，2007 u 华彤文，陈景祖等著. 普通化学原理第三版.北京大学出版社，2005u Ralph H.Petrucci, William S.Harwood, F.Geoffrey Herring: General Chemistry (Principles and Modern Applications), 8th Edition, Higher Educat

4、ion Press.影印版，高等教育出版社，20042021/7/248 一门重要的基础学科（化学与工农业生产和国防现代化，同人民生活和人类社会等都有非常密切的关系，化学是一门中心性的、实用的和创造性的科学，化学与物理一起属于自然科学的基础学科） 研究物质的组成、结构、性质及其变化的规律研究物质的组成、结构、性质及其变化的规律。 Chemistry: (1)the science dealing with the composition and properties of substances, and with the reactions by which substances are pr

5、oduced from or converted into other substances; (2)the application of this to a specified subject or field of activity; (3)the chemical properties，composition, reaction, and uses of a substances; (4) any process of synthesis or analysis similar to that used in chemistry2021/7/249化合物化合物2000万种；时间分辨率：万

6、种；时间分辨率：1 fs（femtosecond ）；空间分辨率：空间分辨率：0.1nm；分析所需最小量：；分析所需最小量：10-13 g 。 1 化学的分支学科化学的分支学科无机化学：无机物无机化学：无机物有机化学：碳氢化合物及衍生物有机化学：碳氢化合物及衍生物分析化学：测量和表征分析化学：测量和表征物理化学：所有物质系统物理化学：所有物质系统高分子化学：高分子化合物高分子化学：高分子化合物若干新分支：环境化学、核化学等等若干新分支：环境化学、核化学等等2021/7/2410v 化学仍是解决食物短缺问题的主要学科之一v 化学继续推动材料科学发展v 化学是提高人类生存质量和生存安全的有效保障v

7、 化学在能源和资源的合理开发和高效安全利用中起关键作用v 化学是生命科学的重要支柱2021/7/2411 主动学习； 预习和复习； 课堂学习； 课后练习； 与同学交流，讨论； 认真准备考试。大学与中学不同，知识点多，面广知识点多，面广2021/7/2412 课堂上请不要吃东西，如果没有吃饱饭，可以吃完后再进教室； 有问题可以示意老师，也可以下课后给老师提出； 上课时请不要接打手机； 两个作业本； 一个计算器。2021/7/2413 Observations (data) are the foundation of the scientific method data can be qualit

8、ative or quantitative. data is most useful when collected under controlled conditions (experiments ) experiments must be repeatable and reproducible2021/7/2414 Natural laws A law is just a description of a pattern in the datacompactly summarize patterns in a large amount of data often apply only und

9、er special conditions are descriptions of nature, not facts or explanations2021/7/2415 Hypotheses tentative explanations designed to guide experimentation a useful hypothesis must be testable must be rejected or corrected when they conflict with experiment 2021/7/2416 Theories a well-tested explanat

10、ion for experimental data based on a set of hypotheses. must be discarded or refined when they cant explain new experimental resultsscientific theories have three aspects: philosophical, mathematical, and empirical. Understand all three, or risk misusing the theory! 2021/7/2417 a good theory. explai

11、ns currently available data is as simple as possible (but no simpler!) accurately predicts results of future experiments suggests new lines of work and new ways to think clearly shows underlying connections2021/7/2418 1. The statement, Osmium has a density of 22.59 g/cm3, which makes it the densest

12、element known is an example of:a hypothesis a lawan experimental observation1)a theory2021/7/2419an explanation that has been proved.a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon obeyed under any circumstances.a description of a pattern or relationship in experimental data.2021/7/2420 Matter is a

13、nything that occupies space and has mass. Substance is matter that has a definite or constant composition and distinct properties. Mixture is a combination of two or more substance in which the substances retain their distinct identities.2021/7/2421The composition of the mixture is the same everywhe

14、re. Sugar solution Ice cream2021/7/2422A heterogeneous mixture is made of different substances that remain physically separate. Heterogeneous mixtures always have more than one phase (regions with uniform composition and propertiesA mixture of sand and sugar is a heterogeneous mixtureBlood is a hete

15、rogeneous mixture because the blood cells are physically separate from the blood plasma2021/7/2423 Element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Compound is a substance that composed of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions.2021/7/24

16、24MatterMixturesPure SubstancesS e p a r a t i o n b y Physical methodsHomogeneous mixturesHeterogeneous mixturesElementsCompoundsSeparation by c h e m i c a l methods2021/7/2425 Smoke is an example of a(n):1)gaseous solution2)compound3)heterogeneous mixture4)homogeneous mixture5)element2021/7/2426

17、Antoine Lavoisier, the father of chemistry, listed lime as a chemical element in his table of 33 known elements. Which of the following observations shows that lime cannot be an element? 1)Lime reacts with water, generating a large amount of heat. 2)Lime melts at a temperature of 2572C. 3)Lime and c

18、arbon dioxide are produced when limestone is roasted. 4)When a certain soft metal is burned in oxygen, lime is produced (with no other products).2021/7/2427 Physical propertyMeasurement of a physical property may change the arrangement but not the structure of the molecules of a material. density, c

19、olor, boiling point, volume, temperature, and mass. 2021/7/2428 Chemical property : Measurement of a chemical property involves a chemical change . For example, determining the flammability of gasoline involves burning it, producing carbon dioxide and water. 2021/7/2429 容量(广度) 性质：Extensive propertyA property that changes when the amount of matter in a sample changes. Examples are mass, volume, length, and charge. 强度性质：Intensive propertyA prop