安全与管理 第一章

1、船舶安全与管理船舶安全与管理Maritime Safety Management Given By：卜仁祥第一章第一章 船舶营运安全概论船舶营运安全概论Introduction to Ship Operation Safety主要内容content:l第一节 安全科学概论(Introduction to safety science)l第二节 船舶营运系统(ship operation system)l第三节 船舶安全管理的途径和方法(Approaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management )第一节第一节 安全科学概论安全科学概论(Int

2、roduction to safety science)l安全科学概述(Summarization of Safety Science)l事故致因理论(Accident-causing Theories)l事故控制观(Accident-countermeasure Concept)安全科学概述安全科学概述(Summarization of Safety Science)l安全科学起源(safety science origination)l安全科学的基本要素结构(basic element of safety science)安全科学起源安全科学起源安全的概念definition of saf

3、etylDefinition given by most dictionaries:The condition of being free from safe; undergoing or causing hurt ,injury or loss.lSafety professionals use :1. Safety is a quality of a system that allows the system to function under predetermined conditions with an acceptable minimum of accidental loss.2.

4、 Safety is a perceived quality that determine to what extent the management, engineering and operation of a system is free from of danger to life, property and environment.安全的概念(definition of safety)l字典：与危险相对，没有事故、伤害发生。l安全工作学者定义：系统本身决定远离危险的程度的性质lDifference of Safety & security:lSecurity: to prev

5、ent espionage, sabotage, attack or crime such as burglary or assault.lMaritime security is now an integral part of IMOs responsibilities. Personal opinions l危险在一定条件下表现为事故和灾难，能否预测或避免取决于人的能力，并不是其本身性质。l安全是与危险相对的概念，是危险处于可接受水平的状态因此与人的心理状态有关。l人的心理状态与社会背景有关，因此，安全与否的标准因时因地而存在差异。l安全与经济对立统一安全科学起源安全科学起源安全工作的发展

6、development of safety sciencel随社会生产的发展，安全工作由感性向理性发展，由事故学习和事故控制转变成为以预控和过程控制为主的跨学科系统化的科学安全系统工程(safety system engineering)l即：亡羊补牢 未亡羊先补牢l安全科学八五期间成为国家一级学科basic element frame of safety science(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)environmentmachinemancontrol事故致因理论事故致因理论(Accident-causing Theories)l事故因果连锁论(Domi

7、nos Accident Model or Casual Theory of Accident )l能量意外释放理论(Accidental Energy Release Theory)l轨迹交叉理论(Orbit Intersecting Theory)l事故损失偶发性法则(Contingency Law of Accident Loss) Accident-causing Theories- Casual Theory of Accident l代表人物海因里希(W.H.Heinrich)l主要观点:事故发生是一系列事件相继发生的结果安全要点在于中断事故连锁进程Accident-causing

8、 Theories- Accidental Energy Release Theoryl主要观点：事故是不正常、不希望的能量释放l安全工作要点：控制能量释放的量、途径l应用举例：安全帽、静电释放、人造雪崩等Accident-causing Theories- Orbit Intersecting Theoryl主要观点：人因与物因的轨迹交叉点就是事故发生的时间与空间。l安全工作要点：避免人不安全行为与物不安全状态同时同地出现l应用举例：冲压机保护开关Accident-causing Theories- Contingency Law of Accident Lossl代表人物： W.H.Hei

9、nrichl主要观点：事故与伤害程度之间存在偶然性的概率关系同一人的同种330起违章事件中，严重伤害、轻微伤害、没有伤害的事件数比为：1：29：300事故控制观事故控制观(Accident-countermeasure Concept)l传统(conventional)的事故控制观：事后分析，得出事故原因和责任方，教育有关人员，落实整改措施,“三不放过”l较先进(advanced)的事故控制观：控制或消除事故原点(Accident Origin)、触发能量l科学的(scientific)事故控制观：将安全工作分为：预测、预防、监测、应急4个阶段Predetermination Preventi

10、on-Inspection-Emergency第二节第二节 船舶营运系统船舶营运系统(ship operation system)lbasic element frame of safety science(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)lSafety element frame of ship operation system :船员、船舶及货物、环境、公司（管理）Seafarers-Ship&Cargo-Environment-Company(Management) 船舶营运系统船舶营运系统(ship operation system)海上船舶运输

11、的主要特点：l运量大，低成本l高风险l国际性 Ship Operation System- Ship&Cargo ElementlShipcomplicated systemAccident：collision,grounding,capsizing,fire&explosion,etc.lCargo种类繁多，涉及人、船舶、环境安全Ship Operation Systemgeneral situationlWorld Tonnage : approx 400，000，000(1990)lShip amount： about 80，000lAccident frequency：

12、 approx 1,000 per yearlTotal loss rate：approx100300 ships or 0.20.4 per yearlLoss of life：approx 1000 lives were lost in accidents at sea each year Ship Operation System- Environment ElementlNatural or artificial harbor, fairway,anchorage,quay.lnavigation mark;buoy;aids to navigation;signal lightlRe

13、gulations or rulesShip Operation System-Seafarer elementl船员是船舶营运系统中最能动的因素l船员编制特点：人数较少、各司其职lSTCW公约(International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) 职能发证l船员分为：管理、操作、支持三个级别。Ship Operation System-Seafarer elementlStatistic study showed:80 percent marine acc

14、idents were caused by human factor 国际公认的统计分析结论：80%的海事由人为因素造成的海事由人为因素造成grounding：90：Fire & explosion：70：Collision ：96：contact:70%。人为因素：人为因素：human factor, human element, human errorWho should be blamed?Ship Operation SystemCompany Elementl人为因素责任主要在于船公司的船上和岸上管理l船公司是船舶安全管理的重要环节l重视公司的安全管理已成为国际海事界控制海事

15、的重要途径第三节第三节 船舶安全管理的途径和方法船舶安全管理的途径和方法lApproaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management l主要内容：船舶安全管理概述(Introduction of Maritime Safety Management )船舶安全管理的途径(a safety net or system will be introduced)船舶安全管理的主要方法(Approaches & techniques)船舶安全管理船舶安全管理(Maritime Safety Management )概述概述l学科领域：安全科学(

16、safety science)l具体问题：船舶安全(safety&security,pollution)l知识体系：现代管理理论船舶安全管理即对船舶安全的控制(control)Safety Management -Objectiveslto ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.l保护海上人命财产

17、安全，保护海洋环境，使“航行更安全，海洋更清洁l safer shipping and cleaner oceansSafety Management -Objectives of the CompanylInternational Safety Management (ISM) Code Requires: safety management-Objectives of the Company should, inter alia:l1 provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working environment;l2

18、 establish safeguards against all identified risks; andl3 continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore and aboard ships, including preparing for emergencies related both to safety and environmental protection.船舶安全管理的要求：船舶安全管理的要求：l即公司的船舶安全管理目标：1、提供船舶营运的安全做法和安全工作环境；2、标识一切可能的风险，制定防

19、范措施并保证其有效性；3、不断提高岸上及船上人员的安全管理技能，包括安全及环境保护方面的应急准备船舶安全管理的途径船舶安全管理的途径: safety net lAn international Maritime Safety Management system:Asafety net IM O Industry Assoc iation(org.) Port State Flag State Class Soc iety Com pany Ship International Maritime Organizationlto provide an international standard

20、for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution preventionlDocumentation: Convention; Protocol; Code; Resolution; Circular.linstitution:Assembly:(held biyearly,adopt resolutions; amend conventions or codes, etc)Council:(MSC)maritime safety council; MEPC;LEG;TC;FAL;IMO ConventionslCo

21、nvention ListMaritime sfetyMarine pollutionLiability and compensationOther subjectslclassical (or positive) acceptance procedure ltacit or passive acceptance procedure IMO Conventions-Maritime safetyInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974International Convention on Load

22、Lines (LL), 1966Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement (STP), 1971Protocol on Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Ships, 1973Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1972International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972IMO Conventions-

23、Maritime safetyConvention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), 1976 The Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (SFV), 1977 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978Internat

24、ional Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979IMO Conventions-Marine pollutionInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modifie

25、d by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78)International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION), 1969Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LDC), 1972IMO Conventions-Marin

26、e pollutionInternational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), 1990Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling

27、Systems on Ships (AFS), 2001International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969International Convention on the Establishment of an

28、International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND), 1971Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material (NUCLEAR), 1971IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationAthens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by

29、 Sea (PAL), 1974Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pol

30、lution Damage, 2001 IMO Conventions-Other subjectsConvention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL), 1965International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (TONNAGE), 1969Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA), 1988Inter

31、national Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE), 1989 国际海事组织：国际海事组织：l宗旨与任务：就有关航运贸易有关问题提供国际合作以及统一准则。l文件：公约；议定书；规则；决议；通函。l机构：IMO大会； 常设机构：海安会等。船旗国（船旗国（Flag State)l主管机关（Administration means the Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly. )l我国海事局(Bureau of Maritime Safety Administration )(原港

32、务监督局Harbor Superintendence Administration ) 主管：船舶登记与检验；船员培训与发证；船舶航行安全；交通环境安全等航运有关事物。lFlag of ConveniencePort State Control(PSC)lPort State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of int

33、ernational regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules. l港口国监控是：港口国政府对抵港外轮实施，以船员、船舶技术状况及操作为检查对象，以安全（保安）和防污染为目的一种监督与控制。Port State Control(PSC)lMany of IMOs most important technical conventions contain provisions for ships to be inspected when they visit foreign

34、 ports to ensure that they meet IMO requirements. Port State Control(PSC)lThese inspections were originally intended to be a back up to flag State implementation, but experience has shown that they can be extremely effective, especially if organized on a regional basis. A ship going to a port in one

35、 country will normally visit other countries in the region before embarking on its return voyage and it is to everybodys advantage if inspections can be closely co-ordinated. Port State Control(PSC)lThe primary responsibility for ships standards rests with the flag State - but port State control pro

36、vides a safety net to catch substandard ships. lDeficiencies which jeopardize the safety(of the vessel,persons, the port or the environment) and a large number of small deficiencies may lead to a detention.Port State Control(PSC)lDetention always means a severe loss to the owner.lBeing listed on the

37、 black list means a disrepute.lShips Identification NumberlIMO Company NumberClassification Societyl民间商业性质l从事:船级检验签发船级证书(Certificate of Class)经主管机关授权的强制检验(Mandatory Survey)（主管机关签发相应证书Certificates)公证检验(Notarization Survey)Classification Society-IACSlInternational Association of Classification SocietylMembers:CCS(China Classification Society)；ABS(American bureau of Shipping)；BV; DNV; GL; KR; LR;NK; PRS; RINA;RS.Maritime Industry Organizationslnon-governmental organization ，不受公约约束，为了商业目的，与IMO良好合作。l例：ICS;ISF; IMPA; INSA; ISU; P&I; ISMA;lIACS, 特殊性。Shipping Compan