XXXX春季环境化学全英文_1_introduction_S

1、杨杨 帆帆Environmental Environmental ChemistryChemistry (from environmental protection law of PRC) Environment is a spatial unity of all materials, situations, and living creatures, including humans and their behavior, which influences the continuance of life and welfare of humans and other living creat

2、ures. Environment includes Atmosphere Water Soil Mine Forest grassland. Wild animal wild plant aquatic life scenic spots and historical sites earthquakeSanatorium sanctuary residence and so on.Why we need to study environmental chemistry? Understanding our living environments Understanding our livin

3、g situation How human activities change the environments Protecting our environment Using our chemical knowledge to benefit our environmentEnvironmental problem: Refer to the environmental composition and condition around us fall unfavorably into human beings existing and developing under the action

4、 of human being and manufacturing. Primary environmental problem Natural environment Secondary environmental problem Human activitiesPrimary environmental problem Earthquake Volcano Landslide mud-rock flow Typoon Drought natural globe chemical abnormity, etc.Secondary environmental problem Global en

5、vironmental problems Global warming and climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Acid rain Biodiversity depletion Rainforest depletion Water resources depletion Dispersion of hazardous waster Desertification Ocean pollution Radioactive waste disposalCourse contentsChapter 1IntroductionChapter 2E

6、nergyChapter 3 Atmospheric environment chemistryChapter 4Water environment and water pollutionChapter 5Soil environmental chemistryChapter 6 Green chemistryReferencesl Environmental Chemistry, Stanley. Ml CRC Press LLC, 2000 7th ed., John Wright, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group）l Environmental C

7、hemistry, Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hemandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infantel Applications of Environmental Chemistry-A Practical Guide for Environmental Professionals, Eugene R. Weiner, Ph.D.l Understanding Our Environment - An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Poll

8、ution, Edited by Roy M. Harrison l ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANICCH EMISTRY, Rene P. Schwarzenbach, Philip M. Gschwend, Dieter M. Imbodenl Understanding Environmental Pollution, Marquita K. Hill l Introduction to Environmental Analysis, Roger Reevel 环境化学导论（第二版）王麟生 乐美卿张太森编著华东师范大学出版社l 环境化学（第二版）（翻译版）Thomas G. S

9、piro William M. Stigliani, 清华大学出版社l 环境化学， 董德明等， 北京大学出版社， 2010 Lectures EvaluationHomework & EssayExam closed book test open book testl Contact information： Sakai site Chapter 1: Introduction Environmental science and chemistry1.1 Introduction of environmental chemistry1.2 Environmental protectio

10、n organizations1.3 Pollutant events in the world 1.4 Chemical Pollutions of environment1.5 Ecosystem and substantial cycles1.1 Introduction of environmental chemistry1.1.1 Concepts Environmental science： as the study of the earth, air, water, and living environments, and the effects of technology th

11、ereon. It covers the broadest fields of the complex interactions that occur among the terrestrial, atmospheric, aquatic, living, and anthropological environments. It includes all the disciplines, such as chemistry, biology, ecology, sociology, and government, that affect or describe these interactio

12、ns. Environmental chemistry the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in water, soil, air, and living environments, and the effects of technology thereon.1.1.2 Comparation of chemistry and environmental chemistryChemistryenvironmental chemistrysubject inv

13、estigatedSingle component or uncomplex multi-componentscomplex multi-componentsState of the systemClosed systemOpen systemResearch methodTheories and methods in chemistryTheories and methods in chemistryBasic and applicationEnvironmental chemistry is the application of chemistry.Chemistry is the bas

14、ic of environmental chemistry.1.2. Environmental protect organizationsWMO (World Meteorological Organization)41, Avenue GiuseppeMotta, Geneva, Switzerland World Climate Programme; WCP1980 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCCWHO (World Health Organization) Air pollutants monitoring Global

15、Environment Monitoring system; GEMS United Nations Environment Programme （UNEP) Kenya Global Environment Monitoring System: GEMS) International Referral System for Sources of environmental information; International Referral System for Sources of Environmental Information; Intergovernmental Panel on

16、 Climate Change; IPCC Oceans and Coastal Areas/Programme Activity Center; OCA/PAC Desertification Control/Programme Acivity Center; DC/PAC Global Resource Information Database; GRID United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Man and Biosphere Programme; MAB Intergovernmental Oc

17、eanographic Council; IOC International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) (NOG) International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis BIO(Biosphere Dynamics Project) TAP(Transboundary Air Pollution) WAT(Water Resources Project) MON(Environmental Monitoring Project) CLI(Climate Cha

18、nge Project)。 International Council of Scientific Unions) Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment; SCOPE World Climate Programme; WCP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme; IGBP Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Union for the Conservation of Natu

19、re and Natural Resources World Wide Fund for Nature Greenpeace International 自然之友自然之友(green book for environment)（1） Belgian Maas valley events : December 1930, the Belgian Maas valley industrial zone, the industrial emissions of harmful emissions and dust caused by the combined effects on the human

20、 body, nearly 60 deaths a week, the public, heart disease, tuberculosis patients increased mortality. 1.3 Pollutant events in the world（2） Donora smog incident1948年10月26-31日，美国宾夕法尼亚州多诺拉镇SO2烟雾污染，占全镇总人口43%的5911人中毒，17人死亡(3) Los Angeles smog incidents : 40 vehicle emissions in the Los Angeles under ultr

21、aviolet exposure from photochemical smog, causing redness of the eyes of many people, pharyngitis, respiratory diseases and the deterioration of thinking disorders, pulmonary edema. (4) London smog events : 5-8 December 1952, London soot because of the winter pollution caused by coal smoke, leading

22、to four days more than 4,000 people dead, 8,000 people in February and later died. (Clean air act) （5） Japan 4 City emission events : 1961, the Japanese city of 4 smelting and industrial fuel oil because the exhaust, a serious pollution of the atmosphere, causing residents gather additional respirat

23、ory diseases, especially asthma morbidity significantly increase, forming a prominent environmental problems. （6） Japanese Aichi husk oil events : March 1963, the Company in the vicinity of Japan, due to the production Husk oil mismanagement, causing PCBs pollutants into Husk oil, people eat this co

24、ntaminated oil, causing 13,000 people poisoning, hundreds of thousands of chickens died of serious pollution incidents (polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)（7） Japanese water big disease events : 1953 -1968, Japan Kumamoto Minamata Bay County water, because it was the consumption of mercury pollution in

25、the Gulf of sewage, Concentrations of mercury and Methylmercury of fish and shrimp and shellfish, and other aquatic, causing nearly 10,000 people to the central nervous system diseases, including 283 patients Methylmercury poisoning 60 people were killed. （8）The skeletal structure of Japan Toyama ev

26、ents : 1955 -1977 years, people living in Japan Toyama, because drinking the river and cadmium consumption of rice and other things containing cadmium caused skeletal structure, where 258 patients, of whom over 207 persons were killed. Ten environmental events1.North American dead lake event (SO2, a

27、cid rain)2.Amoco Cadiz oil tanker events3.Mexico Gulf blowout4.Cubatao Death Valley event5.The west forest dieback disease events6.India Bhopal environmental pollution events (Methyl isocyanate,甲氨基甲酸萘酯, Methyl carbamic acid naphthyl ester)7.The Chernobyl nuclear leakage event8.The Rhine pollution in

28、cident (Sandoz chemical company, S, P, Hg, pesticides, fire-extinguishing chemicals agents)9.Athens State of emergency events10. The Gulf War oil pollution incident1.4 Chemical Pollutions of environment1.4.1 Waste and environmental pollution Waste unwanted material that is produced, in the main, by

29、human activities It is described as being useless, often hazardous and of no economic or other value. How it is discarded often makes waste a source of pollutionEnvironmental pollution the discharge of any material (e.g. oil, asbestos, NOx) or energy into the biosphere which may cause acute (short-t

30、erm) or chronic (long-term) damage to the Earths ecological balance, or which lowers the quality of life and even causes death. Pollutants may cause damage which is immediate and easily identifiable, or damage of an insidious nature, which is only detectable over a long period of time.1.4.2 The prop

31、erties of chemical pollutants in environmental chemistry Very low contents in the environmenttrace level 10-610-9g/g,ultra-trace level:10-910-12g/g exist in a broad extent constantly migrate and transform on the interfaces of solid-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-gas With many different chemical forms1.4.

32、3 The screening of Environmental toxics How to choose the representative toxic compounds?RepresentativeLarge discharge amountEndanger human health and ecological balance 1.4.4 Main chemical toxicsHeavy metals Hg，Pb，As，Cd，Cr etc.Organic chemicals organo-chlorine pesticidepolycyclic aromatic hydrocarb

33、on polychlorobiphenylChlorobenzene Nitrosaminesorganic mercuryOrganotin1.4.5 Blacklist of toxic chemicals from European Community1、 organichalide and the chemicals can form organichalide in the environment2、 organophosphorous compounds3、 organotin compound4、 chemicals with carcinogenic activity in w

34、ater environment5、mercury and mercuric compounds6、cadmium and cadmium compounds7、 persistent oil and hydrocarbon from petroleum8、 persistent substances which hinder water quality by floating, suspending or subsidisingThe 16 most toxic chemicals1. acetone cyanohydrin2. Acrylonitrile3. disodium hydrog

35、en arsenate4. benzene5. lead tetraethyl6. cadmium compound7. Cyanide8. DDT，9. 3-Epichlorohydrin-1,2 10. acetylimino11. hydrazine hydrate12. Silvanol13. Thiol14. ethyl parathion15. mercuric compound16. silver compound1.4.6 Priority controlled toxic chemicals in ChinaStrong toxicityCarcinogenicityTera

36、togensisMutagenicity1.4.7 Measuring ToxicityLD50 & LC50 LD: lethal dose LC: lethal concentration LD50 the dose of a chemical at which 50% of a group of animals (usually rats or mice) are killed (injecting) LC50 the concentration in air or water of the chemical which kills 50% of test animals. Un

37、it：milligrams of chemical per kilogram parts per million (ppm) 1.5 Ecosystem and substantial cycles1.5.1 ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHEREThe Biosphere: the part of the environment consisting of organisms and living biological material. Virtually all of the biosphere is contained by the geosphere and hydros

38、phere in the very thin layer where these environmental spheres interface with the atmosphere. The biosphere strongly influences, and in turn is strongly influenced by, the other parts of the environment.Ecology：the science that deals with the relationships between living organisms with their physica

39、l environment and with each other. Approached from (1) the environment and the demands it places on the organisms in it (2) organisms and how they adapt to their environmental conditions. An ecosystem consists of an assembly of mutually interacting organisms and their environment in which materials

40、are interchanged in a largely cyclical manner. 1.5.2 MATTER AND CYCLES OF MATTERCycles of matter often based on elemental cycles The movement of a specific kind of matter between two particular reservoirs may be reversible or irreversible. Biogeochemical cycles describe the circulation of matter, pa

41、rticularly plant and animal nutrients, through ecosystems. As part of the carbon cycle, atmospheric carbon in CO2 is fixed as biomass The reverse of these kinds of processes is mineralization, in which biologically bound elements are returned to inorganic states. Biogeochemical cycles powered by sol

42、ar energy1.5.3 Carbon CycleThis cycle shows that carbon may be present as gaseous atmospheric CO2, constituting a relativelysmall but highly significant portion of global carbon. Some of the carbon is dissolved in surface water and groundwater as HCO3- or molecular CO2(aq).1.5.4 The Nitrogen Cycleni

43、trogen occurs prominently in all the spheres of the environment. The atmosphere is 78% elemental nitrogen, N2, by volume and comprises an inexhaustible reservoir of this essential element. Nitrogen, though constituting much less of biomass than carbon or oxygen, is an essential constituent of protei

44、ns. 1.5.5 Phosphorus cycle The phosphorus cycle, is crucial because phosphorus is usually the limiting nutrient in ecosystems. There are no common stable gaseous forms of phosphorus, so the phosphorus cycle is endogenic. In the geosphere, phosphorus is held largely in poorly soluble minerals, such as hydroxyapatite a calcium salt, deposits of which constitute the