unit2 Ill help to clean up the city park, Grammar Focus

1、Unit2 Ill help to clean up the city parks.SectionA1一.phrases focus:make some notices做些公告牌 ask sb. to come请某人过来come up with 想出 make some plans to work in 制定在某地工作计划the old peoples home老年之家last summer/this summer/next summer去年夏天（今年/明年）tell sb. stories about给某人讲关于 故事 work outside在室外工作clean up the city p

2、arks打扫城市公园 visit the sick kids看望生病的孩子at the food bank在食品救济站 After-school program课外学习项目a group of students一群学生 cleanup day清洁日 from now从现在起汉译英1.男孩可以去食品救济站分发食品.2.女孩可以在课外学习项目中义务教孩子.3.从现在起清洁日只有两周了.4.他们给我讲关于过去的故事和过去是什么样子的.5.我们有一天也会老.二.Grammar Focus1. Things like reading the newspaper to the old people, or

3、 just talking to them. like是介词，其后动词+doing(动名词)e.g. I think of to school 10 years ago.2. Were all going to be old one day, too. be going to do 打算做，将会做表示将来.e.g. Every kid all up one day.3. Verb phrases1. You could help to clean up the city parks.A. could 是情态动词can的过去式, 但常用来表示委婉的语气，此时与过去式无关，语气比can 更委婉，可

4、以用来表示建议、劝告或允许。 1).We could go after lunch. 我们可以午饭后去。 2).Could I use your pen?   让我用一下你的钢笔好吗?B. clean (+pron.)up +n. 收拾干净,打扫clean-up n. 清洁1).You should always clean up the room. 你应该经常打扫房间2).Let's start in and clean up the kitchen.  咱们开始打扫厨房吧。clean away 除去.clean out 把(某物)腾

5、空, 清除2. visit the sick kids in the hospital to cheer them up.cheer(pron.) up +n. 使高兴起来 1). What should I do to cheer my sister up? = What should I do to cheer up my sister? 我该怎样做才能使我的姐姐高兴起来呢？ 2).The news cheered him up. 这消息使他高兴了起来cheer up 还可意为“振作起来”。3).Cheer up! Our troubles will soon be over. 振作起来!

6、我们的困难很快就会过去。Care for / look after /take care of 照顾notice n. 公告 v.注意到：notice that/notice sb. do sth.(doing sth.)cheer on 为 打气，激励 ，向 喝彩4).She did her best to cheer him on when he was about to give up. 当他快要放弃时，她尽力鼓励他。Come up with 想起 Come over to 顺便拜访 Come in Come up 走近Come out 开花，出版 Come on 意为“快, 加油, 加

7、把劲” 1). Come on! Try once more.加把劲！再试一次。3. The boy could give out food at the food bank.give out 分发 (这句话里相当于hand out)1).The teacher gave out the examination papers ten minutes ago. 老师十分钟前发放了考试卷。give out还可以意为“用完, 停止运行, 发出(热heat、光light、声音sound、气味smell等)”.1).Her patience finally gave out. 她终于失去耐心了。2).T

8、he radiator is giving out a lot of heat. 散热器散发着大量的热。give up 放弃 give off 发出； 放出 give in 屈服 give away 赠送、分发4. The girl could volunteer in an .volunteer v. 义务做；自愿做1).Many people volunteer to work on the farms. 许多人自愿到农场劳动。2).He volunteered to water our plants. 他主动提出给我们的树木浇水。 volunteer n. 志愿者3).He wants

9、to be a volunteer to help others. 他想要成为一名志愿者去帮助别人。volunteer to do sth. “自愿做某事”，5. We cant put off making a plan.put off 推迟；拖延1).Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事今日毕。2).The game was put off because of rain. 比赛因雨延期。6. We could put up signs.put up 张贴，搭建1).He put up a post

10、er advertising the circus.  他贴了一张宣传马戏团的海报。2).Before it got dark, they put up their tent in a field.  天黑前，他们在地里搭起了帐篷。Put on 表演; 穿上 put off 推迟; 延期 put back 放回原处Put out 熄灭; 发表 put forward 提出 Put down镇压; 记下put away 收拾; 放好;储存; 吃; 放弃 7. We need to come up with a pla

11、n for .come up with (针对问题等)提出(观点)，想出(办法)1).I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出比这更好的计划来。catch up with 追上；赶上 put up with 忍受keep up with 跟上，不落在后面 end up with 以.结束8. They told me stories about the past and how things used to be.used to “过去常常”, 用于表示过去的状态或过去的习惯性动作。 1).He used to g

12、et up early. 他过去常常起床很早。2).The river used to be clean. 这条河过去很干净。 be used to doing 习惯于 做 use sth to do 用来做. 1). He liked collecting stamps in the past. (改为同义句)He _ _ _ collecting stamps.2). There was a big stone in the middle of the road. (用used to改写句子)_ _ _ _ a big stone in the middle of the road. 9.

13、 Yeah, a lot of people are lonely.lonely adj. 寂寞的，孤独的，荒凉的，偏僻的（心理）既可作定语也可作表语1).She felt lonely and sick for her parents. 她感到孤独,十分想念她的父母。2).Thats a lonely island. 那是一个荒凉的岛屿。alone adj. 单独的；独自的（形体） 3).Though John was not alone, he was lonely. 虽然约翰并不是独自一个人,他却感觉寂寞。alone是表语形容词，因此能说The man is alone，不能说an al

14、one man，也不能说very alone。此外，alone 也可做副词，用于动词之后。1).By the way, do you feel _when you are _? A. alone, lonely B. lonely, alone C. alone, alone D. lonely, lonely2). The old man lives _ in a _ house, but he never feels _. A. alone, lonely, lonely   B. alone, alone, lonely  C. lonely, lonely

15、, alone  D. alone, alone, alone SectionA2 一.Phrases Focus. give up放弃 several hours every week每周几小时want to be an animal doctor 相当动物医生 the look of joy喜悦的表情get ones dream job找到某人梦想职业get a strong feeling of satisfaction获得强烈的满足感book lover书爱好者（登山爱好者） read by oneself靠自己阅读at the age of在岁的时候 try out for

16、参加的选拔journey with伴随的旅程 at the same time同时汉译英1.我能做我爱做的事情，同时还能帮助别人。2.爱丽丝热爱动物，想当植物医生。3.它能帮她找到未来梦想的职业。4.我想学会关于如何照料老人。5.在玛丽5岁时就能够独自阅读。6.他决定参加课外阅读项目志愿者的选拔。二.Grammar Focus.1. Mario Green and Mary Brown from Riverside High School give up several hours each week to help others. A. from Riverside High School

17、是介词短语，做Mario Green and Mary Brown的后置定语，翻译时要把意思放前面：来自滨江中学的 格林.马瑞奥和玛丽.B. to help others是动词不定式，是前面动作give up several hours each week 目的，在全句中这里做目的状语。2. Students who volunteer. Notice: who volunteer是个定语从句，修饰student,翻译时意思放前，做志愿者的学生。3. Mario believes it can help him to get his future dream job. 这是一个宾语从句，做动词

18、belives的宾语.1).But you can see in their eyes that theyre going on a different journey with each new book(宾语从句).在他们的眼里你能看到伴每一本新书随着他们走向不同的旅程。4. Volunteering here is a dream come true for me. 对我来说，这里做志愿者是美梦成真. A.这是动名词Volunteering here（v+ing.） 作句子的主语, B.后面是一个表语从句（一个句子作表语）.5.verb phrases1. I get such a st

19、rong feeling of satisfaction get v. 产生；形成 常与feeling, idea 等词搭配使用。1).Do you get the feeling that were not welcome here? 你有这里不欢迎我们的感觉吗？2).How did you get such an idea? 你怎么会产生这样一个想法？ get better get 在这里用作系动词，“变得，变为”；后接形容词，表示体质、情绪、天气等方面的改变。1).He got angry with me after that. 那之后他生我的气了。2).Its getting hott

20、er now. 现在天气变得热起来了。2. She could read by herself at the age of four.“by + 反身代词 ”表示“独自地；独立地”1).Children should learn to do things by themselves.孩子们应当学习独立做事。2). climb by himself(unit1) How to care for animals.疑问代词、副词+to+ do (v).有：what/ who / which /where /when /why to do .Why to go Hainan. When to do y

21、our homeworkWhich way to go what to do how to do it1).Does he learn English _ himself?by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself 之辨析 这四个介词短语均属“介词+反身代词”结构，在句中作状语by oneself 表示“独自，独立地” 的意思，相当于alone；for oneself一般表示“为自己” 的意思；to oneself 含有“暗自(在心中)”的意思，常与动词think，say，talk，tell等连用； of oneself意思是“自然地、自发地

22、、自动地”Several.Adj.少数，几个人。1). Several student decided to go shopping just now.Pron.几个，数个。2). Several went to the cinema yesterday.OwnAdj.自己的.1).Mary has her own study and life.v.拥有.2).Everyone all own free time. You should love it.3).keep healthy, I decide _ (exercise) half an hour every day.try out f

23、or 报名参加；参加选拔1).Shirley will try out for the lead in the play. 雪莉将参加该剧主角的选拔演出。2).Over fifty boys came to try out for the football team. 五十多个男孩来竞争参加足球队。try out 试用，试验3).My brother wants to _ the football team.try on 试穿；试戴 try out 试验；试用 try for / after 谋求；争取 4).When I&

24、#160;tried the coat on, I found it was too big for me. try to do 努力做try doing 尝试做1).Let's try out your method. It seems very good. 我们来试试你的办法，看来这办法不错。 2).He said he was going to try for first place next year. 他说他

25、打算明年争取夺得第一名。go on 举行，进行，去（go on a picnic/ trip/ journey 长途旅行）3).I would like to _ the new work.Satisfy v.使满意.Tom satisfied his father last year.Satisfaction n.满意. To ones satisfaction 使满意的是.4. Volunteering here is a dream come true for me.Volunteering here在句中作主语。动名词可放在句首可作主语。如：1).Reading i

26、s an art. 读书是一种艺术。2).Swimming is my favorite sport. 游泳是我最爱的运动。A3一. phrases Focus:be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 volunteer ones time to do sth. 志愿用时间做primary school小学 around the school学校周围book sale售书 homeless people无家可归的人们be worried about sth. 为担忧 get good job找到好工作make money挣钱less lucky than不比幸运stop doing

27、ones job to do sth. 离职做at least至少raise money for sth. 为筹钱二Grammar Focus:一.Use could for suggestionscould 是情态动词can的过去式, 但常用来表示委婉的语气，此时与过去式无关，语气比can 更委婉。可以用来表示建议或劝告，意为“可以；不妨”。1).The girl could visit the sick kids in the hospital to cheer them up. 2).The boy could give out food at the food bank. 3).The

28、 girl could volunteer in an after-school study program to teach kids. 4).The boy could help to clean up the city parks5).- Could you let me have your passport?- Yes, here it is.could表示“能力”或“可能性”，作为can的过去形式。如： 1).Could you speak English then？  那时你能讲英语吗？二.短语动词 Phrasal verbs 短语动词是指英语中有些动词和其他词类一起连用

29、，构成一个固定词组，可看成一个整体，相当于一个单独的动词，这种组合称之为短语动词。短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1.动词+ 介词此类短语动词可以用作及物动词, 后面必须接宾语。 1). Look at the blackboard, please! 请看黑板！此类短语动词还有listen to, depend on / upon, look for, deal with, look after, take after, wait for等。 2.动词+ 副词 此类短语动词既可以用作及物动词, 也可以用作不及物动词。 1).I get up very early every morning. 我

30、每天早晨都很早起床。 2).Can you work out this problem? 你能做出这道题吗？当此类短语动词用作及物动词时, 如果宾语是名词, 可以将其放在短语的后面, 也可以放在动词和副词之间；如果宾语是代词, 则必须将其放在动词和副词之间。1).He put on his clothes quickly. = He put his clothes on quickly. 他快速地穿上了衣服。2).Please wake me up at five tomorrow morning.请明天早晨五点钟叫醒我。clean up, cheer up, give out, eat up

31、, fix up, give up, give away, hand out, help out, put off, put up, take off等3.动词+ 副词+ 介词 此类短语动词可以用作及物动词。 1).Were running out of water. 我们的水快用光了。此类短语动词还有come up with, do well in, look forward to, look down upon, look out of, put up with等。 4.动词+名词+介词 此类短语动词的意义取决于名词,而不是动词,修饰时不用副词而用形容词。1).We should take

32、 good care of our parents. 我们应该好好照顾我们的父母。此类短语动词还有make use of, take pride in, make friends with, pay attention to等。 三.动词不定式 Infinitive1.什么是动词不定式？主要行为动词后面的动词采用“to+动词原形”的结构，我们把这种结构称为动词不定式（有时可以不带to）。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。下面我们一起来看一下动词不定式有哪些语法功能。2. 动词不定式的主要语法功能：A. 不定式作宾语 a.动词不定式作动词的宾语。学习不定式作宾语时,要注意掌握后接

33、不定式作宾语的动词。常见动词有: want, hope, wish, like, begin, try, agree, help 等。1).Many people decide not to think about it. 许多人决定不去想这件事。2).I want to go to the library. 我想去图书馆。动词 + to do sth.的固定搭配： want to do sth. want sb. to do sth decide to do sth. tell sb. to do sth. hope to do sth. plan to do sth. offer to d

34、o sth. agree to do sth.learn to do sth. ask sb. to do sth. invite sb. to do sthb.动词不定式作形容词的宾语。这类形容词有: able, afraid, angry, careful, easy等。如： 1).I am very happy to meet you. 我见到你很高兴。 2).She is afraid to walk at night. 她害怕走夜路。 3).It is easy to understand the cartoon.看懂这部卡通片很容易。c.动词不定式作介词but和except的宾语。

35、介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时，不定式符号to通常被省略。 1).He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。 2).I have no other wish except to pass the examination . 我除了要通过考试之外，没有别的心愿。 3).He cant do anything but wait for me there. 他什么也不能做，只好在那等我。B. 动词不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明。a.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有：要求允许

36、提议(ask, allow, advise)，期望邀请鼓励 (expect, invite, encourage)，教导告诉想要 (teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如： 1). Id invite her to have dinner at my house. 2).We should allow the children to choose their own clothes. b.不带to的不定式作宾补:在主动句里，动词不定式在使役动词 (make, let, have)或感官动词 (feel, li

37、sten to, hear, look at, see, watch, notice)之后作宾补时，不定式需省去to。包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch；三“让”：have, let, make；二“听”：hear, listen to；一“感觉”：feel；一“注意”：notice。1).I felt someone open my door. 我感觉有人开了我的门。2).Please listen to me sing the song again. 请听我把这首歌再唱一遍。3).You cant let the boy stand in the sun

38、. 你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下。4).You must watch me carefully do everything. 你必须仔细观察我所做的一切。感官动词后既可跟省略to的不定式作宾补，也可跟现在分词作宾补。其区别是：前者强调动作的全过程或经常性；后者则强调动作在进行(片断)。 1).I heard her sing. 我听见她唱了歌。 2).I heard her singing. 我听见她正在唱歌。c.带to或不带to的不定式作宾补: 动词help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。1).They can help you to learn English.2).Using ema

39、il English helps you write quicklyd.不定式做宾语补足语时，如果要表达否定的意思，要在to do前加not, 构成not to do的形式。1).Tom told me not to touch anything.2).Mother asked us not to make too much noiseC 不定式作状语 不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。1).I came to Beijing to see my grandpa. 我来北京看望我爷爷。2).Im glad to meet

40、you！很高兴见到你！3).Im too tired to walk. 我太累了，走不动了。a.目的状语如果想要表达“做某事是为了什么”，可以用动词不定式表示目的，作目的状语。不定式做目的状语时，可以放在句首，页可以放在句尾。置于句首时常表示强调。1). In order to catch the early bus, she got up very early.2).A group of young people got together to discuss this question. 3).She came to this city to visit her daughter.b.原因

41、状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。1).I feel very lucky to have him. 2).He ran out of money to buy old bikes. c.结果状语，多见于“too . to”，“enough to .”结构句中。1). Im too tired to do it well. 2).The room is big enough for three people to live in.B1Grammar Focus1. Ive run out of it.run out of = use up “用完、耗尽 ”，句子的主

42、语是人。注意: 不能用于被动语态。1).He ran out of gas a mile from home. 他在离家还有一英里的地方用完了汽油。2).We are running out of the gas. 我们的汽油快用完了。run out是动副型短语动词，相当于不及物动词，表示“被用完了”的被动含义，其主语通常是时间、金钱、食物等无生命名词。 1).His money soon ran out.  他的钱很快就花完了。 2).Food supplies had run out

43、0;towards the end of the trip. 在旅行快结束时，食物已经吃完了。 2. I take after my mother. take after 由于血缘关系 而( 外貌 、性格等方 面 )相似，和 be similar to(in) 意义接近（在方面与相似似），be like 像.(性格/外貌) . 1).She took after her mother almost in everything. 她几乎与她母亲一模一样。2). I take after my mother. 我像我妈妈。= _.3).Tom Jim in

44、his class.4).I my sister in hobby.look like 看起来像，多指外貌。 1).The baby looks like a doll. 这个婴儿看起来像个洋娃娃。 2).Doesn't she look like her mother? 她长得是不是很像她母亲? 3). The moose looks like deer. 驼鹿看上去像鹿。3. I fixed it up. Jimmy fixes up broken bicycle parts like wheels.fix up 修理 broken bicycle parts 破损的自行车部件 1

45、).Can you fix up my radio? 你能把我的收音机修好吗？ fix up 安排, 确定 2). We have fixed up a trip. 我们已安排一次旅行。 3). We were fixed up for the night in a hostel. 我们被安顿在招待所过夜。fix / repair / mend都有“修理；修补”之意，有时可以通用，但也有区别。（1）fix up与repair都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性能或机能，其对象范围很广，从道路、机器到日常用品等。（2）mend常表示修补破损的东西，使其恢复原样，一般指较小的物品。如: men

46、d the shoes / the windows 等。1).My computer doesnt work. Could you please help me _? A. fix up it B. fix it up C. fix them up D. look it up2).Jimmy has sixteen broken bikes to _ and gives away to kids who dont have bikes. 【2012贵州贵阳】 A. fix up B. set up C. put up4. I gave it away.give away 赠送; 赠予; 颁发;

47、分发 1).She decided to give these old clothes away. 她决定把这些旧衣服送给别人。give away 泄露; 告发 2).Dont give away the secret.不要泄露这个秘密。give off 发出(气味、热、光等) give out 分发 give back 归还give up 放弃 give . a hand 给予帮助 1). What can I do to help homeless people? I think you could _ some old clothes to charities. A. give up B

48、. give out C. give away D. give back 2).We must _ using plastic bags in order to protect our earth.(2011广西贺州) A. give out B. give up C. give away D. give in B2一. Phrases FocusAnimal Helpers 动物帮手 disabled people残疾人make a big difference to ones life对.的生活产生很大影响use ones hands (arms/legs) well运用手（腿/胳膊）自如

49、normal things平常的事 answer the telephone接电话one day last year去年的一天 a friend of mine我的一个朋友help sb. out让摆脱困境 be excited about sth. 对感到兴奋a special trained dog一只经过特别训练的狗train with和进行训练 bring sb./sth. home带回家a good name for sb. 对是个好名字 feel lucky to do sth. 对做感到幸运give sb. orders给下命令 change ones life改变某人的生活翻译

50、句子：1.你知道这个组织是建来帮助残疾人的。2.幸运对我的生活产生了巨大的影响。3. 失明或是失聪将会像什么样子的呢？4.我热爱动物，对拥有一只狗的主意感到兴奋。5.再次感谢你改变了我的生活。二Grammar Focus.1.You helped to make it possible for me to have lucky.你们帮助使我拥有一只lucky这样的狗成为可能。make+ it +adj. (for sb.)+ to do sth. 对而言，使做成为it 是形式宾语，to do sth.是真正宾语. 1).Our teacher makes it better for us to

51、 study hard.2).Spaceships make it possible to travel to the moon. 宇宙飞船使去月球旅行成为可能。3).The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. 充满尘埃的大气使得拍摄太空的清晰图像困难。 make sb. do sth.让某人做.make sb. +n.使 成为.make sb/sth. +adj.使某人.make a big difference to ones life(sb/sth)对的生活产生很大的影响1).I think _ ne

52、cessary for students to take an interest in all subjects. 【2011云南昆明】 A. that     B. this      C. it        D. one解题思路：I think / believe /find + it +形容词+for sb. + to do sth2. Id like to thank you for giving money to Anima

53、l Helpers. for 是介词，其后跟名词、名词性代词、动名词. give sb. sth = give sth. to sb. 给某人， give sb. orders给某人下命令.3.What would it be like to be blind or deaf? it是形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to be blind or deaf：be blind （眼睛）失明，be deaf（耳朵）失聪 拓展：it +be +adj. +( for sb.) to do sth. 对某人而言，做是.e.g. It is necessary for our students to stu

54、dy hard.4. Many people have these difficulties. Normal things are difficult for me. sth./sb be difficult for sb. 某事对某人而言是困的. have difficulty (in) sth(doing sth.)做 有困难.5.Then one day last day, a friend of mine helped me out. A friend of mine= one of my friend 我的一个朋友. ( n.+ of +名词性物主代词) help sb. out 帮助某人摆脱困境.6.She talked to Animal Helpers about getting me a special trained dog. get sb. a special trained dog 让某人去领一只经过训练的狗。 carry 扛/挑，bring带.来，take带去，get