从文学文体学的角度分析劳伦斯短篇小说的文体特征

1、IntroductionD.H. Lawrence is a novelist, essayist and poet in the twentieth century of Britain. He was born in the home of the miners, who graduated from the University of Nottingham, worked as a butcher, accounting, factory workers and primary school teachers. In his short span of twenty years of w

2、riting career, he published 12 novels, more than 50 novellas, a number of poems and a lot of proses. Many experts and scholars at home and abroad analyze his representative works through different angles. In 2003, His lifetime and indigenous value were the theme of activity in the research institute

3、 of David Herbert Lawrence of the University of Nottingham. Some graduate students maintained a keen interested in the symbol of works of D. H. Lawrence. This may be connected with the teaching of college that related to the attention of the literary stylistics. At home, in major terms, the research

4、es of D.H. Lawrence still focus on the study of the novels, especially the four novels of fictions of D.H. Lawrence, namely, “sons and lovers”, “the rainbow”, “woman in love” and "lady Chatterley's lover". However, the artistic achievements of short stories of D.H. Lawrence is a very w

5、orth topic of summarization and analysis. These short stories flash their charm by the strong spirit of personality of author and excellent artistic talent. These works can be not ignored in the treasures of short stories of world. So D.H. Lawrence was regarded as one of the best writers of short st

6、ories in the 20th century. Based on the above viewpoints, this paper analyzes the stylistic characteristics of short stories by the three samplings of his short stories, namely, “the Prussian officer”, “you touch me”, and “sun”.Literary stylistics is a method that combines the content of the literar

7、y discourse with the linguistic research. It describes and interprets literary works with the theory of linguistics as a tool. It is the bridge of the studies of literary from subjectivity to objectivity in the description of language form, at the same time, it also can excavate the aesthetic signif

8、icance of literary discourse. The literary stylistics makes the study of literature become more complete and specific; meanwhile the development of linguistics and literary criticism has played a positive role in promotion. This paper appreciates the aesthetic effect and theme of short stories of D.

9、H. Lawrence by using the theories of literary stylistics. So the analysis about stylistic features of the short stories of Lawrence will be made in this paper.This paper analyzes the stylistic characteristics of short stories of D.H. Lawrence from the angle of literary stylistics, the analytic persp

10、ective of literary stylistics has vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, register, irony, images, sounds, rhythms and other point of view, this paper is analyzed by three aspects, including vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric. This article is divided into four chapters, the first chapter introduce related theory

11、 and the studies of the author, the second chapter understand the theme of the short stories of D.H. Lawrence through the classification and the specific vocabulary proportion from lexical perspective,. The third chapter analyzes its theme through the length of the sentence and the types of sentence

12、 from syntax perspective. The fourth chapter analyzes its theme through the simile, metaphor, metonymy, personification and contrast from rhetorical perspective. Above all, the readers can realize the writer individual character and artistic talent by reading his short stories. It is very helpful fo

13、r us to learn about the fiction creation thought of British and American writers by the theme of selection of Lawrence novels, writing style, language features, analysis and thinking of image and artistic conception. It helps to improve our appreciation and accomplishment for English and American li

14、terature by understanding deeply artistic style. In the contemporary, English and American literature works are welcomed by the Chinese, thus, it is very important for us to study and appreciate English and American works from the view of literary stylistics. Meanwhile it helps us understand foreign

15、 culture and has significant meanings for the teaching, translation and linguistics.Chapter one Literature Review and the Researches about D.H. LawrenceThe first chapter was divided into two sections; the first section introduces the studies of a number of scholars at home and abroad about the works

16、 of David Herbert Lawrence. Those studies make us learn about the investigative directions and methods for the fictions of D.H. Lawrence, at the same time, it is well known that many scholars choose the novels of D.H. Lawrence to research from different perspectives. However, it is not enough for th

17、e study of the short stories of D.H. Lawrence. This paper analyzes the stylistic features of short stories of D.H. Lawrence from literary stylistics. It makes many readers learn about the topical significant and aesthetic value. The seconded section recommends the literature review of this paper. Th

18、is section includes the definition and interpretation of style, stylistics and literary stylistics. Those theories make the studies of literature works achieve new method, meanwhile they let numerous readers objectively understand the short stories of D.H. Lawrence. So this paper chooses the theory

19、of literary stylistics.1.1 Researches about D.H. Lawrence In 1992, the research institute of David Herbert Lawrence of the University of Nottingham was established. Keith Sagar indicated that it had had past for the study of sex and love of the works of David Herbert Lawrence. Most people paid atten

20、tion to his pantheism and concern for ecology. In 2003, His lifetime and indigenous value were the theme of activity in the research institute of David Herbert Lawrence of the University of Nottingham.The 1980s, foreign literature thoughts and theories swarmed constantly into China, the translation

21、and propaganda of the works of David Herbert Lawrence appeared the literature point of view. Wang Jiaxiang's the exploration of David Herbert Lawrence, marked the restoration of research in David Herbert Lawrence. Hou Weirui's the history of modern English novels, one of chapters discuss det

22、ailed David Herbert Lawrence. It expounded particularly the lifetime, thoughts, creative theme and tendency of David Herbert Lawrence. The 1990s, the different points of view marked Lawrence's studies from initiative to maturity. Wu Houkai's the people of finding rainbow: D.H. Lawrence, it i

23、s the first monograph about Lawrence with the method of comparative literary. Deng Jiqing's the legend of Lawrence, it shows complicated lifetime, which is full of legend, with the exploration of the relationship of man and woman. The ecological criticism was used widely for the researches of Da

24、vid Herbert Lawrence in the 21st century. Miao Fuguang's the David Herbert Lawrence of ecological criticism, is the first monograph that studies the lifetime and creation of David Herbert Lawrence by the way of ecological criticism. While many studies have focused on the novels of David Herbert

25、Lawrence，namely, “sons and lover”, “Women in love”, “Lady Chatterleys lover”. Above all, in recently years, foreign and domestic scholars research the works of David Herbert Lawrence from many perspectives, for example, the analysis of spirit, feminism, ecological criticism, comparative literary, st

26、ructuralism, ethical criticism and so on. Those studies achieve important results. While fewer studies have examined the short stories of David Herbert Lawrence from perspective of literary stylistics. Thus, this paper will research importantly the stylistic features of the Short stories of David He

27、rbert Lawrence. In recently years, the English and American literature works are very liked by the Chinese readers. Thus, Chinese readers can realize clearly the writer individual character and artistic talent by reading his short stories with the way of literary stylistics. It is very helpful for u

28、s to learn about the creative thought of fictions of British and American writers by the theme of selection of Lawrence novels, writing style, language features, analysis and thinking of image and artistic conception. It helps us improve our appreciation and accomplishment for English and American l

29、iterature by understanding deeply artistic style. It is very important for us to study and appreciate English and American works with the method of literary stylistics. 1.2 Style and literary Stylistics It is very necessary to learn about the theories of style, stylistic and literary stylistics when

30、 the analysis of the literary features of English and American works are made. Next, some examples will be listed about famous scholars theories of style, stylistic and literary stylistics. The “style” is defined by the Finland stylistic Enkvisin his On Defining Style (1964, p. 33) from the psycholo

31、gical and aesthetic perspective. Style is a choice between alternative expressions, that is to say, saying the proper thing with the most effective way. Style is a set of individual characteristics and it proclaims the man. His definition has not concern adequate relationship with linguistics, so hi

32、s “style” is not discussed by us. Leech and short describe their definition of style in Style in Fiction (2001, p .10): “In its most general interpretation, the word STYLE has a fairly uncontroversial meaning: it refers to the way in which language is used in a given context, by a given person, for

33、a given purpose and so on. Different schools of linguists have interpretation on different levels for the “style”. Their disagreement makes the definition of style become more and more complicated on the level of application. Qu Weiguo (2009, 5), a Chinese scholar summarizes the terms of style from

34、many perspectives in the following way:i. Style can be used to refer to a writers or a speakers habitual way of using language; ii. Style is sometimes used to refer to a textual phenomenon similar to genre: epistolary style, poetic style; iii. Style is used by some stylistics to describe a certain w

35、ay of speaking or writing, say, an elaborate style as reflected in the lexical or syntactical features of a text. iv. Style is a term in sociolinguistics to depict a particular way of language use in connection with a certain social class or group: say, the working class style. v. Style is used to d

36、esignate ways of speaking or writing with reference to situations or types of activity in terms of formality. (Qu Weiguo, 2009)The stylistics of traditional sense is a kind of study which selects and uses language, over language or artistic expression in the process of communication. In the 20th cen

37、tury, the stylistics began to replace the early rhetoric and extended the basis of the early rhetoric. Ch. Bally published two papers about stylistics in 1909, which are the earliest researches for the stylistics. So, the attention of stylistic researches developed through L. Spitzer and other schol

38、ars. Stylistics can be divided into two kinds roughly: general stylistics and literary stylistics. General stylistics includes the language researches of different kinds. For example, depending on the channels of communication research the differences of the oral and written, according to the relati

39、onship of participants of the event of communication explore the differences of formal style and informal style. And according to the social function of language analyze the characteristics of the discourse of law, science and technology, news, advertising, sports commentary, business reports. Styli

40、stics and ordinary stylistics can be used as the general terms of the non-literary language or the analysis of register. Literary stylistics is regarded as a bridge of linguistics and literary criticism and it is the study of use of language in the literature. Leech gives the definition of literary

41、stylistics, it is the place of intersection of linguistics and literature. H.G. Widdowson shows the definition of literary stylistics, it is the research of literary discourse from the direction of linguistics. The task is the analysis and research into the language of literature through the knowled

42、ge of modern linguistics, so as to help the reader understand, appreciate and interpret the works of literature from the perspective of language skills and the relationship between the ideological content. In essence, Xu Youzhi says literary stylistics analyzes discourse by the method of linguistics

43、. This paper uses the theories of Hou Weiruis literary stylistics chiefly. Hou Weirui (2008:3) mentioned in his work. Literary Stylistics is a kind of research which combines linguistic theory and methodology with literary texts, to analyze stylistic features of the works of literature. It establish

44、es the bridge between language study and literary appreciation.” The linguistics only analyzes the linguistic form of a text, which often neglects aesthetic effects or artistic value of works of literature. However, the traditional literary criticism pays attention to social, moral or political eval

45、uations of a literary work, which neglects its linguistic form. The literary stylistics is the meeting ground of linguistics and literary criticism. It is a part of applied linguistics and practical criticism.Chapter two Lexical features of the short stories of David Herbert LawrenceThis chapter con

46、sists of four parts, including analysis on the use of nouns, analysis on the use of verbs, analysis on the use of adjectives, and analysis on the use of adverbs. The first section introduces the definition of nouns and the classifications of nouns. Let us learn about lexical features of the short st

47、ories of David Herbert Lawrence by the analysis of data of concrete nouns and abstract nouns. The second section introduces the definition of verbs and the classifications of verbs. We will learn about lexical features of the short stories of David Herbert Lawrence by the analysis of data of dynamic

48、 verbs and static verbs. The third section introduces adjectives that express different means about the short stories of David Herbert Lawrence by three ways, namely, color, ugliness and torpor, and lifelessness. The fourth section introduces adverbs, we will learn about the short stories of David H

49、erbert Lawrence by three ways of adverbs, namely, direction, movement and activity, and premature nightfall.We will learn about lexical features of the short stories of David Herbert Lawrence from four parts.2.1 Analysis on the use of nounsNoun is a word that refers to a person, (Ann or doctor) ,a p

50、lace (such as Paris or city) or thing, a quality or an activity (such as plant , sorrow or tennis)-see also abstract noun, common noun, proper noun from the explanation of Oxford advanced learners English-Chinese dictionary. According to Longman Dictionary of language teaching & applied linguist

51、ics, nouns can be mainly divided into concrete nouns and abstract nouns , except for proper nouns. Concrete noun refers to a physical thing, rather than a quality, state or action. For example, book, house, and machine are concrete nouns. A noun which refers to a quality, state or action is called a

52、n abstract noun. The numbers of abstract nouns and concrete nouns will be counted in the following table.Table 1 Concrete Nouns VS Abstract NounsTitleTotal No. ofNouns(except forpropernouns)No. ofConcreteNounsPercentageNo. ofAbstractNounsPercentageThe Prussian officer24014058.3%10041.7%You touch me1

53、468054.8%6645.2%Sun 41228769.7%12530.3%Sum79850760.9%29139.1%The percentage of concrete nouns that we choose 3 texts is 60.9% from this table, however the percentage of abstract nouns that we choose 3 texts is 39.1%. So the short stories of D.H. Lawrence are more vivid and visualized by the usages o

54、f concrete nouns.2.2 Analysis on the use of verbs In English verb is a word which, (a) occurs as part of the predicate of a sentence (b) carries markers of grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, person, number and mood, and (c) refers to an action or state. (Longman Dictionary of Language &am

55、p; Applied linguistics 2000:499)The verb is divided into two kinds in English- Dynamic verbs and static verbs. Dynamic verbs refer to a verb which can be used in the progressive aspect or in the imperative clauses. Its semantic range includes the action, process (for example change) and physical per

56、ception (for example feel, hurt) (现代语言学词典Modern Linguistic Dictionary:120). On the contrary, static verbs refer to a state (i.e. an unchanging condition), for example believe, have, and belong. (Longman Dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics 2000:442) The numbers of dynamic verbs

57、and static verbs will be counted in the following table.Table 2 Dynamic Verbs VS Static VerbsTitleTotal No. ofVerbNo. ofDynamic verbsPercentageNo. ofStatic verbsPercentageThe Prussian officer53238171.6%15128.4%You touch me45333774.4%11625.6%Sun 51237473.04%13826.96%Sum1497109272.95%40527.05%Some imp

58、ortant information are found by the analysis of this table. Dynamic verbs are far more frequent in the short stories of D.H. Lawrence and many indicate movements. Even static elements of the landscape have implications of movement. Verbs which are stative generally have implications of movement, ind

59、icating physical position or posture. We can know that dynamic verbs are used frequently in the short stories of D.H. Lawrence and they make texts more vivid and truthful. Many readers will be more interested in the short stories of D.H. Lawrence. Meanwhile the short stories of D.H. Lawrence gives play to readers abstract ability.2.3 Analysis on the use