2014年综合类职称英语——阅读理解(DOC)

1、第1页2014年综合类职称英语第四部分阅读理解授课内容：1.题型介绍及考查目标2阅读理解的出题形式3. 答题技巧4. 教材重点文章讲解题型介绍该部分考查应试者对不同体裁和不同题材语言材料的理解能力，以及通过阅读获取材料信息（主旨和细节信息）的能力。要求应试者阅读 3 篇具有一定难度级别的文章，每篇文章 300-450 词，每 篇文章后有 5 道小题，应试者应根据文章的内容，从每题所给的4 个选项中选择 1 个最佳答案。考查目标应试者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解本专业的或一般内容的英语书面材料。6大阅读理解能力：1）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2）了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；3）利用上下

2、文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；4）既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系；5）根据所读材料进行判断和推论；6）领会作者的观点、意图和态度。阅读理解的出题形式细节题根据上下文猜测词义题主旨题作者观点态度题推理判断题答题技巧细节题1.关键词定位题：根据关键词（时间、地点、数字、名词、专有名词、重要实词或短语等）定 位原句，正确选项通常是原句再现、原词再现或同义改写。例 1: American researchers say that lead poisoning may be the cause of tooth damage in childre n inthe U.S.A. almos

3、t 1 millio nB. more than 2 millionC. almost 2 billio nD. about 57 milli on原文： Children with high levels of lead in their blood may be more likely to have bad teeth. America nresearchers say that lead pois oning may be the cause of tooth damage in more than 2 million children in theUnited States.O答疑编

4、号 506324040101【正确答案】B【答案解析】细节题。根据原文America n researchers say that lead第2页poisoning may be the cause of tooth damage in more than 2 millionchildrenin the Uni ted States.”可知答案选B。例 2: Tooth decay might also be caused by_ .A. a lack of Vitamin CB. diets high in sugarC. water containing fluorideD. food w

5、ith too much acid原文：Someresearchersno ted, however, that tooth decay might be lin ked to some thingsother tha n lead.They said the problem may be caused by diets high in sugar or a lack of water containing thechemical fluoride, which helps preve nt tooth decay. But Doctor Moss said his research show

6、ed a link betwee ntooth decay and leak levels in the blood of both childrenand adults. However, the researchers said theyare not sure how lead exposure maylead to tooth decay.老师手写内容：tooth decay 龋齿，蛀牙0 0 答疑编号 506324040102【正确答案】B【答案解析】 细节题。根据原文They said the problem may be caused by dietshigh in sugar

7、or a lack of water containing the chemical fluoride, whichhelps prevent tooth decay.”可知答案选B。例 3: A study by the University of California showed_.A. Vitam in C could preve nt tooth decayB. Vitamin C could preve nt lead pois oningC. people with more Vitam in C in their blood have lower lead levelD. ad

8、ults and childre n have differe nt lead levels in their blood原文：In ano ther study, researchers at the Uni versity of Califor nia at San Fran cisco studied the effectsof Vitamin C and lead levels in 19,000 children and adults. They found that children and adults who had moreVitamin C in their blood h

9、ad lower levels of lead.But the researchers were not ready to say that Vitamin C couldprevent lead poisoning.老师手写内容：show v. 显示O O 答疑编号 506324040103【正确答案】【答案解析】细节题。根据原文They fou nd that childre n and adults whohad more Vitamin C in their blood had lower levels of lead.”可知答案选 Co例 4: If an adder hears y

10、ou approach in g, it will usually_.A. move out of your pathB. take no no tice of you at allC. disappear very quicklyD. wait un til you are close the n attack原文： All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but onlythe bite of the adder prese nts any dan ger. British sakes are

11、 shy ani mals and are far more frightened of youthan you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it第3页by surprise and step on it accidentally, or if you try to catch it or pick it up, which it dislike inten sely. If it hearsyou comin g,

12、 itwill no rmally get out of the way asquickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidlyand may attack before moving if you are very close.0 0 答疑编号 506324040201【正确答案】A【答案解析】细节题。approach ing 与 comi ng 词义相近，根据原文“ If it hearsyou comin g, it will no rmally get out of the way as quickly as it can,bu

13、t”可知答案选A。例 5: The babies of the participants will be followed_.A. throughout their livesB. for more tha n two decadesC. from birth to 21 mon thsD. un til they get married原文： The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and theMount Sinai School of Medici ne in New York start

14、 sig ning up preg nant wome n whose babies will the n befollowed to age 21.老师手写内容：age 21 21 岁decade = ten = 10 十年，十年期； 十进位，十O O 答疑编号 506324040202【正确答案】B【答案解析】细节题。根据原文. whose babies will then be followed toage 21. ”可知答案选B。例 6: Dr. Duffy believed that_ .A. he found the exact cause of lear ning disabil

15、itiesB. the problem of learning disabilities was not limited to the left side of the brainC. problem of lear ning disabilities resulted from the left side of the brainD. the problem of learning disabilities didn t lie in the left side of the brain原文：Frank Duffy experimented with this technique at Ch

16、ildren s Hospital MedicalCen ter in Bost on. Dr. Duffy found large differe ncesin the brain activity of no rmal childre nand those with readi ng problems. The differe nces appeared throughout the brain. Dr. Duffy said his researchis evident that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of

17、the brain, not just the left side.O O 答疑编号 506324040203【正确答案】B【答案解析】细节题。根据原文Dr. Duffy said his research is evident that reading disabilitiesinvolve damage to a wide area of the brain, not justthe left side. ”可知答案选 B。2.是非判断题（三正一误或三误一正）1）三正一误（识另 词： NOT TRUE, NOT MENTIONED, EXCEPT:（1）题目关键词定位：定位一个句子、一个段

18、落或几个段落。（2）选项排除：错误选项为未提到、相反、离题。例 1: Which of the followings is NOTmentioned as a reason for the extinction of a Ianguage?第4页A. The speakers adopt ano ther Ian guage.B. Fatal n atural disasters.C. Gover nment bans the use of the Ian guage.D. More tha n 2500 people give up using it.原文： Odds are you nev

19、er will. Among the world s 6,800 Ianguages, half to 90 percentcould be ext inct by the end of the cen tury.One reas on is that half of all la nguages are spoke n by fewer tha n 2,500 people each,according to the Worldwatch Institute, a private organization that monitors global trends.Lan guages n ee

20、d at least 100,000 speakers to pass from gen erati on to gen erati on, saysUNESCOWar and genocide, fatal natural disasters, the adoption of more dominant Ianguages such as Chinese and Russia n, and gover nment bans on Ian guage also con tribute to their ext inction.老师手写内容：表示因果关系的词：reasoncausebecause

21、due toowi ng toresult tolead toO答疑编号 506324040204【正确答案】D【答案解析】是非判断题。对照原文“One reason is that half of all languagesare spoken by fewer than 2,500 people each, .”可知，只有D 的说法与原文不符，答案选Do例 2: Which of the followings is NOT a feature of the University Festival?（2009）A. ln vit ing gover nment officials to di

22、nner.B. Orga nizing various activities.C. ln terview ing celebrities.D. Promoti ng clubs.原文： Our university now has 42 art clubs and 45 sports clubs. The annual UniversityFestival is the gra ndest carni val of Japa nese uni versities. In the festival, stude ntspromote their cl ubs and organize vario

23、us activities. Our university s festival attracted about 150,000 peoplelast year. I really like this festival.When we promote our clubs, we cook“tonnjiru ” , a kind of pork soup and sell it toother stude nts at the fair.Wealso go to differe ntplaces to in terviewcelebritieswho atte nd our festival a

24、s guests.It is a won derful experie nee to talk to those stars face to face.O答疑编号 506324040205【正确答案】A【答案解析】是非判断题。根据定位关键词，BCD 在文中都有提及，只有A 选项没有提到，答案选 A。例 3: Which of the followings can we NOT learn about a people from the Ianguage thatpeople speak?A. The people s history.B. The people s movement.第5页C.

25、 The people s knowledge.D. The people s population.原文：It s becoming a struggle, too, to find many who can say“thank you ” in theNavajo Ianguage of the American Indian tribe（ ahehee） , or “hello ” in the Maori Ianguageof New Zealand（ kiaora ）.The losses ripple far beyond the affectedcommunities. When

26、a Ianguage dies, linguists,an thropologists and others lose rich sources of material for their work docume nting apeople s history, finding out what they knew and tracking their movements from region toregi on. And the world, li nguistically speak ing, becomes less diverse.老师手写内容：kno wledge n. 知识kno

27、w v. 知道O答疑编号 506324040301【正确答案】D【答案解析】是非判断题。根据原文 When a Ian guage dies, li nguists,an thropologists and others lose rich sources of material for their workdocumenting a people s history, finding out what they knew and tracking their movements from region toregion. And the world, linguistically speak

28、 ing, becomes less diverse.”可知选项AB 均提及到，C可以推断出来，只有 D 未出现，答案选 Do例 4: Which of the follow in gs is NOT MENTIONED i n the passage?A. New tech niq ues are con ti nu ally developed and new mach ines inven ted for un dersea explorati on.B. lf not well built, a submersible is most likely to get crushed in

29、deep water.C. A submersible, whe n mann ed, looks very much like a spaceship.D. ln certa in respects, un dersea explorati on is ofte n faced with the same problem as space travel is.原文： As in the field of space travel, so in un dersea explorati on new tech no logiescontinue to appear. They share a n

30、u mber of similarities with each other-as well assome importa nt differe nces.Manned submersibles （潜水艇），like spaceships, must maintain living conditions in an unn atural enviro nment. But while a spaceship must simply be sealed aga inst the vacuum of space, a submersible must beable to bear extreme

31、pressure if it is not to break up in deep water.In explori ng space, unmanned vehicles were employed before astr on auts. In un derseaexplorati on, on the other hand, men paved the way, only rece ntly have unmannedremote-operated vehicles （ROVS bee n put to use.老师手写内容：new machine 新机，新设备ma nned adj.有

32、人驾驶的；有人操纵的；配备齐船员的O答疑编号 506324040302【正确答案】D【答案解析】是非判断题。根据原文As in the field of space travel, soin un dersea explorati on new tech no logies continue to appear. ” 可知选项 A 是对的；根据原文But while a spaceship must simply be sealed against the vacuum of space, asubmersible must be able to bear extreme pressure i

33、f it is not to break up in deep water.”可知选项B 是对的；根据原文第6页“Manned submersibles, like spaceships, .”可知选项C 是对的；只有 D的描述未出现，答案选D。例 5: Which of the following statements about salt is NOT TRUE?A. For many years people have bee n un aware of many problems of salt in cludi ng its corrosive effects.B. Salt is

34、the cheapest among its many alter natives with its purchase price of $25 a ton.C. The national bill of salt may reach as high as $5 billion a year.D. The econo mic cost of salt is still lower tha n the cost of CMA.原文： In an average win ter, highway departme nts spread some ten millio n tons of salt

35、to keep roads safe.The corrosive effects are well known, but for years they have bee n dismissed with the argume nt that at around$25 a ton, salt is far cheaper tha n any alter native.Lately, econo mists have added up the actual costs. The Environmen tal Protectio n Age ncy estimatesthat salt-induce

36、d road damageand vehicle corrosion cost $3 billiona year. Thatdoes not in clude damage to un dergro und cables, which adds hun dreds of milli ons to utility bills. Nor does itreflect the cost of brine leaking into porous water pipes, threatening the water supply. Salty water leaches intoroadbeds, ki

37、llsevergreens and poisons streams.The various costs probably add another $2 billion to the national salt bill. Scientists estimate the fulleconomic, or“ life cycle ” , cost for a ton of salt at $500 or 20 timesthe $25 purchase price. That begins to make the switch to calcium magnesium acetate, perha

38、ps the mostpromisi ng alter native look practical. CMA, made from acetic acid and dolomitic（含白云石的） lime, costs $600 a ton and has mini mal adverse effect. Some researchersbelieve the cost can be halved by making CMAfrom waste cheese whey or pulp-mill effluent.While CMA and other alternatives are bei

39、ng researched, many cities and states are cutting back on theiruse of salt.Keeping dispensing equipment in good repair helps reducethe amount spreaD.O答疑编号 506324040303【正确答案】A【答案解析】是非判断题。根据原文The corrosive effects are well known,but for years they have bee n dismissed with the argume nt that at around

40、$25 a ton, salt is far cheaper tha n any alter native.”可知选项是 A 错误的，答案选 Ao2）三误一正（TRUE注意：题目中的 of, about后表示的叙述范围判断：与原句叙述相同为答案例 1: Which of the followi ngsis true about Dr. Carroll s first ran domized con trolledtrial?A. Lifestyle cha nges have no relati on to the progressi on of prostate cancer.B. Life

41、style cha nges may reverse the progressi on of prostate cancer.C. Lifestyle changes can t affect breast cancer.D. Lifestyle cha nges may deteriorate the progressi on of prostate cancer.原文：Two years ago, Dr. Carroll and Dean Ornish published the first randomized con trolled trial show ingthat these l

42、ifestyle cha nges may slow, stop or even reverse the progression of prostate cancer, which mayaffect breast cancer as well. In the earlier studies, they did ntun dersta nd many of the mecha ni sms by whichthese cha nges may have occurreD.Now, new study is begi nning to provide some in sight into wha

43、t some ofthese gen etic mecha ni sms maybe.老师手写内容：slowstop第7页O答疑编号 506324040401【正确答案】B【答案解析】是非判断题。对照原文. these lifestyle chan ges may slow,stop or eve n reverse the progressi on of prostate cancer,.”，可知 B的表述正确，答案选 B。例 2: Which of the following of Mars is true?A. Mars is the fourth pla net in space.B.

44、 The color of Mars is red or pink.C. Red Planet is the other name of Mars.D. Mars is n amed by stargazers.原文： Mars is the fourth pla net from the sun and is com mon ly referred to as the Red Planet. The rocks,soil and sky have a red or pink hue. The distinet red color was observed by stargazers thro

45、ughout history. It wasgive n its n ame by the Roma ns in honor of their god of war. Other civilizations have had similar names.老师手写内容：be calledO答疑编号 506324040402【正确答案】C【答案解析】是非判断题。对照原文Mars is the fourth planet from the sunand is commo nly referred to as the Red Pla net.”，可知 C 的表述正确，答案选 Co例 3: Which

46、of the following statements is true about an average car according to the passage?A.A n ordinary car can run a lot more tha n 10, 0000 miles with 650 gall ons of gas.B. A n ordinary car can run no more tha n 15 miles with one gallo n of gas.C. An ordinary car with ten gallons of gas can run no more

47、than 150 miles.D. An ordinary car can run 10,000 miles each year with 70 billi on gall ons of fuel.原文： There are more than 100 million cars in the United States. An ordinary car gets less tha n 15 milesfrom each gall on of gas. It travels about 10,000 miles each year. I n that time, it uses about 65

48、0 gall ons of gas.In all, automobiles use up some 70 billio n gall ons of gas a year. That comes out to be four-a nd-half milli onbarrels a day.老师手写内容：averageno more tha nO答疑编号 506324040403【正确答案】C【答案解析】 是非判断题。对照原文An ordinary car gets less than 15 milesfrom each gallo n of gas. ，可推断出C 的表述正确，答案选C。例 4:

49、 Which of the following statements is true?A. The nu mber of autisms among mathematicia ns is more tha n other subjects.B. Autism isn t genetic in families.C. Girls are four times as likely as Boys to have autism.D. Autism only exists in scie ntists.原文：Some people with autism have amazed experts wit

50、h their outstanding memories, mathematicalskills or musical tale nt. Now scie ntists have found that the genes thought to cause autism may also confer第8页mathematical, musical and other skills on people without the con diti on.The finding has emerged from a study of autism among378 Cambridge Universi

51、ty students, which foundthe con diti on was up to seve n times more com mon among the mathematicia ns tha n stude nts in otherdiscipli nes. It was also five times more com mon in the sibli ngs of mathematicia ns.Autism and the related Asperger s syn drome are among the com mon est men tal afflictio

52、ns, affect ingabout 600,000 Brit ons. Boys are four times as likely as girls to develop it.Autistic people can have special skills but they also tend to suffer from anxiety,obsessivebehavior and other problems that far outweigh any adva ntages.The fact that autism runs in families shows that it is p

53、artly genetic in origin, but evolutionary theorysuggests genes causing such debilitating conditions ought to have been weeded out of the population. TheCambridge study hints at why this has not happened, suggest ing that with variati ons in the way they arecomb in ed, and such genes are ben eficial.

54、O答疑编号 506324040404【正确答案】A【答案解析】是非判断题。对照原文The finding has emerged from a studyof autism among 378 Cambridge Uni versity stude nts, which found thecondition was up to seven times more commonamongthe mathematicians than stude nts in other disciplines.It was also five times more com monin thesiblings of

55、 mathematicians.”，可知 A 的表述正确，答案选 A。3.年代与数字题题目或选项：考查事件时间、数字识别、数字转换、数字计算、数字表达。例 1: It can be good for health when one takes a walk every 2 or 3 days for at leastA. 3 min utesB. 45 mi nu tesC. 30 min utesD. 10 minu tes原文：In a second study, 15 elderly people who completed a 6-month aerobic-trainingcours

56、e were faster at attentiontasks compared with 14 seniors who just did stretchingandtoning exercises for the same amount of time.So, even going for a walk every 2 or 3 days for just 10 to 45 minutes can help. That should be good n ewsfor your gran dpare nts.O答疑编号 506324040501【正确答案】D【答案解析】年代与数字题。根据原文S

57、o, even goi ng for a walk every 2or 3 days for just 10 to 45 mi nu tes can help.”可知选项D 是正确的，答案选 Do例 2: According to linguists,how many Ianguages will there be in the world by the year2100?A. Around 6800.B. Aro und 680.C. About 680 to 3400.D. Aro und 2500.原文： Ever hear some one speak Udihe, Eyak or A

58、rikapu?Odds are you never will. Among the world s 6,800 Ianguages, half to 90 percent could第9页be ext inct by the end of the cen tury.That Ianguages die isn t new: thousands are believed to have disappeared already. That distinguishingthing is it s happening at such an alarming rate right now. Lingui

59、stsbelieve 3,400 to 6,120 Ian guages could become extinct by 2100.老师手写内容：extinctexti nctionexistO答疑编号 506324040502【正确答案】C【答案解析】年代与数字题。根据原文Odds are you never will. Amo ng theworld s 6,800 Ianguages, half to 90 percent could be extinct by the endof the cen tury.”通过计算可知选项C 是正确的，答案选 C。例 3: When did Brit

60、ish gen tleme n beg in to wear ties regularly?A. After the late 19thcen tury.B. In the 1630s.C. In 1660.D. In the late 18thcen tury.原文：It wasnt, however, untilthe late 18 century that fancy young men introduceda more colorful, flowing piece of cloth that eventuallybecame known as the tie. Then, club