FoundationofGroupBehavior（英文版）

1、Class 7.Foundation of Group Behavior7.1 Defining & Classifying 2 or more individuals,interacting & interdependent,who have come together to achieve particular objectives.1.Formal Group A designated work group defined by the organizations structure Command group-A manager & his or her imm

2、ediate subordinates Task group-Those working together to complete a job task Why do people join group?-Security,Status, Self-esteem,Affiliation,Power,Goal Achievement2.Informal Group A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined;appears in response to the need for socia

3、l contract Interest group- Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned Friendship group-Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristicClass 7. Foundation of Group Behavior7.2 Stages of Group development1. The 5-Stage Model From the

4、mid-1960s Forming-characterized by much uncertainty Storming-intragroup conflict Norming-close relationship & cohesiveness Performing-When the group is fully functional Adjourning-for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance Criticism:do

5、 not proceeds clearly,simultaneous, regress;ignores organizational setting2.The Punctuated-Equlibrium M Studies of more than a dozen,group dont develop in a universal sequence The timing of when groups form & change the way they work is highly consistent (1)The 1st meeting sets the direction; (2

6、) the 1st phase of group activity is one of inertia; (3) a transition takes place at the end of the 1st phase when the group has used up half its allotted time; (4) the transition initiates major changes; (5)a 2nd phase of inertia follows the transition;(6)the groups last meeting is characterized by

7、 markedly accelerated activity Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior7.3 Sociometry An analytical technique for group interaction-find out who people like or dislike & whom they would or not to work withSociogram-A diagram that graphically maps the preferred social interactions obtained from inte

8、rviews or questionnaires. Key terms Social networks-specific set of linkages among a defined set of individuals. cluster-group existing Prescribed cluster-formal groups Emergent clusters-informal,unofficial groups Coalitions-a cluster of individuals who temporarily come together to achieve a specifi

9、c purpose Cliques-relatively permanent informal groups in network Stars-one with the most linkages Isolates- Liaison-one connecting 2 or more clusters but are outside Bridges-serving as a linking pins by belong to 2 or more Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior7.4 Explaining work group behavior the

10、major components determining Performance & satisfaction1.Group behavior modelExternal conditions imposed on the group Group member resourcesGroup structureGroup processPerformance&satisfactionGroup task2.External conditions imposed on the group Organization strategy authority structure forma

11、l regulations-rule,procedure,policies organizational resources-modern high-quality tools personnel selection process performance evaluation & reward system organizational culture physical work setting-layout,acoustic3.Group member resources Abilities personality characteristics4.Group structure

12、Shaping the behavior of the member & explaining the - (1)formal leadership (2)roles-a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit role identity-certain attitudes & behaviors consistent with role perception-ones view of how he is suppose

13、d to act in role expectation-how others believe ones action in given- psychological contract-an unwritten agreement that set out what management expects from the employee,& vice versa role conflict- confronted by divergent role expectation experiment-simulated prison4.Group structure (3)norms Ac

14、ceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members common classes of norms-performance-related processes; appearance factors(dress,loyalty) the “how” & “why” of norms-(1)explicit statement; (2)critic events in the history; (3)primacy; (4)carry-over behavior from

15、past situation. Importance. (!)facilitating its survival;(2)increasing the predictability of the behavior; (3)reduces embarrassing interpersonal problems;(4)central value expressing & clarifying identity conformity-adjusting ones behavior to align with norms 4.Group structure (4)status A sociall

16、y defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others formal & informal status-imposed by a group through titles or amenities;acquired by such characteristic as education,age,gender,skill,& experience status & norms-high-status,deviation from norm status equity-the status

17、 accoutrements, congruence4.Group structure (5)size Large groups are good for gaining diverse input-fact-finding, but smaller groups are better at doing something productive with that input social loafing-the tendency for one to expend less effort when working collectively than individually -others

18、share,dispersion of responsibility group with an odd Nr. of members tend to be pref; groups made up of 5-7 members do a good job of exercising the best elements of both small &4.Group structure (6)composition Group activities require a variety of skills & knowledge,diversity,heterogeneous gr

19、oup demography-the degree to which members of a group share a common demographic attribute,such as age,sex,race,education level,or length of service in the organization,& their impact on turnover cohorts-as part of a group, individuals holding a common attribute5.Group processes how group proces

20、ses can impact on group effectiveness Potential group effectiveness+ process gains-process losses=actual group effectiveness synergy-an action of 2 or more substances that results in an effect that is different from the individual summation of the substance social facilitation effect-the tendency fo

21、r performance to improve or decline in response to the presence of others simple routine tasks-speed up;complex-close attention6.Group task size-performance relationship moderated by task requirement The impact of group processes on the performance & member satisfaction is moderated by task requ

22、irement the complexity & interdependence of tasks more information-process capacity & uncertainty, a group characterized by poor communication, weak leadership,high level of conflict,& the like,doesnt mean it will be low performingClass 7. Foundation of Group Behavior7.5 Group decision m

23、aking1.Groups vs. individual Advantages of groups-it can increase: 1. complete information & knowledge;2. diversity of views;3.acceptance of a solution;4.legitimacy disadvantages of groups:1.time consuming; 2.pressures to conform;3.domination by the few; 4.ambiguous responsibility effectiveness & efficiency: accuracy-group decision tend to be more accurate;speed-individuals are superior; creativity; acceptance2.Groupthink & Groupthift Groupthink-phenomenon in wh