国际贸易与实务4-Practice of International Trade-International Cargo Transport

1、International Cargo International Cargo TransportTransportChapter SevenChapter Seven2021-12-13Super2Modes of transportationl Ocean Transportation l Air Transportationl Rail Transportationl Road Transportationl Container Transportationl International Multimode Transportation (IMT)国际多式联运 / Internation

2、al Combined Transportation (ICT)l Parcel Post Transportationl Inland Waterway Transportationl Pipeline Transportation2021-12-13Super35.1 Ocean Transportationl AdvantagesLarge capacityLow costEasy passage: not restricted by road or railsl DisadvantagesSlowVulnerable to bad weather Less punctual l Typ

3、es of ocean transportationLiner transportationCharter transportationl 98% of world trade in volume terms conveyed by sea transport2021-12-13Super45.1.1 Liner transportation lCharacteristics of Linerregular scheduled departuresspecified routeroutes with fixed base ports comparatively fixed freight ra

4、tes2021-12-13Super55.1.1 Liner transportation lTypes of linersConference linerslFreight rate quoted by shipping conferencelStable freight rateslRegular servicesNon-conference linerslFreight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel operators lLess dependable servicelHigh flexibility 2021-12-13Su

5、per65.1.1 Liner transportation lLiner Freight Inclusive of the loading and unloading cost Inclusive of other costs such as demurrage滞期费 or dispatch派遣 moneylComposition of liner freightBasic freightSurcharges and additionalslCalculation formula of liner freightTotal Freight= Total Quantity x Basic Ra

6、te x (1+Surcharge / Additional Rates) 2021-12-13Super75.1.1 Liner transportationl Criteria for calculating basic freightW (weight ton) calculated per metric ton on weight, suitable for heavy goods M (measurement ton) calculated per cubic meter on measurement, suitable for light goods W/M on the basi

7、s of either weight ton or measurement ton (both under the name of freight ton), subject to the higher one, suitable for goods with high value (Note: 1WT=1MT)Ad Val. (A.V.) on the basis of value of the goods and expressed in a percentage of the FOB price or value, suitable for goods with high valueW/

8、M or A.V. on the basis of either weight ton, measurement ton or value, subject to the highest oneUnit/Head suitable for goods marked “unit” in the tariffMinimum Rate suitable for goods in extremely small quantityOpen Rate suitable for goods marked “unit” in the tariff and in extremely large quantity

9、, on the basis of the agreement between the carrier and the consignor 2021-12-13Super85.1.1 Liner transportation2021-12-13Super95.1.1 Liner transportationlSurcharge 附加费 beyond our controlBunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF) 燃油附加费 (15% of the cost) Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment

10、 factor / CAF) 货币贬值附加费Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Transshipment Surcharge 转船附加费Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费Port Surcharge 港口附加费2021-12-13Super105.1.1 Liner transportationlAdditionals 附属费 under our controlHeavy lift charges / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重费 (over 5 M/T)Lengthy cargo charges / Extra cha

11、rges on over lengths 超长费 (over 9m)Bulky cargo charges 超大费 (over 6cbm)Additional on direct 直行附属费Additional on optional discharging port 选卸港附属费Additional for alternation of destination 变更卸港附属费2021-12-13Super11Illustration 1l SupposeExporting 100 cases Volume 30 x60 x50cmGross weight 40kg, grade 9Freig

12、ht basis W/MBasic freight rate HKD109Bunker surcharge 20%, Currency Surcharge 10%l Q: freight?l Solution30 x60 x50cm = 0.09m30.04 M/TFreight = 0.09 x 109 x 100 x (1+20%+10%) = HKD1275.32021-12-13Super125.1.1 Liner transportationlTramps 不定期船 /charter vesselCharacteristicslNo fixed routes lNo fixed ti

13、metables lFreight charged on the volume of cargolSuitable for cargo of a complete shipload (eg. bulk cargo)Types of charterslVoyage charter 程租船，定程租船lTime charter 定期租船lBare boat charter 光船租船2021-12-13Super135.2 Air Transportationl Four main types of air transportationScheduled Airlines 班机lregular sch

14、eduled departureslspecified routelroutes with fixed base ports lcomparatively fixed freight ratesChartered Carriers 包机lThe hire of a craft by either total chartered carriers orlPartial chartered carrierslFor consignments of large quantity or reaching the same destination2021-12-13Super145.2 Air Tran

15、sportationl Four main types of air transportationConsolidated Consignment 集中托运lAssembling a number of individual shipments arriving at the same destination into one consignmentlDispatched one air waybillAir Express 航空急件运输lFastest and safest servicelHigher freight rate lDesk to desk service 2021-12-1

16、3Super155.2 Air TransportationlAir freight W: by weight (kg)M: by measurement (cm3)W/M: by the higher of the two(Note: 6000cm3=1kg)lCalculation formula: same as the one for liner freight calculation2021-12-13Super16Illustration 2 l QuestionConsignor A gets one consignment of 10 cartons of leather sh

17、oes to transport by air. The measurement of each carton is 50 x50 x50cm, while gross weight of each is 15kg. How much should the consignor pay to the carrier if the air freight rate is USD1.3/kg?l Solution50 x50 x50cm=125000cm36000cm3=1kg 125000cm3=20.83kg20.83kg15kgFreight = USD1.3x20.83x10=USD270.

18、792021-12-13Super175.3 Transportation DocumentslBill of Lading, B/L 海运提单lConsignment Note (for Rail and Road)铁路、公路提单lAir Waybill 航空运单lParcel Post Receipt 邮包收据2021-12-13Super185.3.1 Bill of LadinglFeatures Receipt of the goodsEvidence of the contract of carriage by the shipping company to carry the g

19、oodsA document of title权益 to the goodsl Contents (See Specimen 5.1-5.2)On the face: information about contracted parties, full particulars of the cargo, terms of carriage contract, etcOn the back: general terms and conditions of the contract of carriage. 2021-12-13Super19Types of bill of lading l Sh

20、ipped B/L and Received for Shipment B/LShipped (on board) B/L 装运提单lIssued by the shipping companylAfter goods shipped on board the designated vessellIndicating date of shipment and name of the vessel lFor consignee to receive the cargo at the destinationl“Shipped Bill” preprinted or “goods shipped o

21、n board vessel” written and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L2021-12-13Super20Types of bill of ladingReceived (for shipment ) B/L备运提单lGoods being received but not yet loaded lConfirmation of goods handed over to ship ownerlAbsence of date of shipment and name of the vesselldiffi

22、cult to anticipate date of arrival, hence not favorable by buyerlWays of becoming Shipped B/L Exchange for a Shipped B/L after goods shipped on board the vessel Wording such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on May 10, 2008” added and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L2021-

23、12-13Super21Types of bill of ladingl Clean B/L and Unclean B/LClean B/L 清洁提单lReferring to one which does not declare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goodslProof that goods have been “shipped in apparent good order and condition” or “clean on board” or the likelFavored by buyers and

24、banks for financial settlementUnclean/dirty/foul B/L 不洁/ 瑕疵提单lMarked as “unclean”, “foul” etc.eg. 2 cases missing, 3 cartons wet, 1 case broken, cases inadequately packedlUsually unacceptable to buyers and banks2021-12-13Super22Types of bill of ladingl Straight B/L, Order B/L and Bearer B/LStraight

25、B/L 记名提单lMade out to a designated consigneelOnly the named consignee is entitled to the cargolNot transferable Bearer B/L (Open or Blank B/L) 不记名提单lNo name of a definite consigneelThe consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wording “To bearer” (至持有人) lCan be transferred without endorsementl

26、High risk unfavorable in international trade2021-12-13Super23Types of bill of ladingOrder B/L 指示提单lMade out to the order of a named personlNo definite consignee, “To order” “To order of the shipper” or “To order of the consignee” insteadlNegotiable and transferable，but need endorsement Special endor

27、sement: signature of the endorser and name of the endorsee Blank endorsement: signature of the endorser but no name of the endorsee “To order” with blank endorsement indicating further transfer of the B/LlWidely used in international trade2021-12-13Super24Types of bill of ladingl Direct B/L and Tran

28、sshipment B/LDirect B/L 直运提单 lport of shipment port of destinationlPreferred by the buyerTransshipment B/L转船提单lport of shipment intermediate port port of destinationlInvolving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyerlAcceptable only when there i

29、s no direct service2021-12-13Super25Types of bill of ladingl Original B/L and Copy B/LOriginal B/Ll Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agentl Showing “Original” and the number of the signed originals l Normally made out in a set of three originalsl An evidence showing the o

30、wnership of goodsl Presented for taking the delivery of the goods at destination, one is used, the others becomes void automaticallyCopy B/Ll Bearing “Copy” “Duplicate” or “Non-negotiable” l Normally only used for reference or for recordsNote:B/L is not independent of each other. A received for ship

31、ment bill may also be a straight and clean bill. eg. Clean shipped direct bill of lading made out to order with a blank endorsement (most common in practice)2021-12-13Super265.4 Shipment Clause in the sales contractl Content of the shipment clauseTime of delivery or time of shipmentport (place) and

32、port (place) of destination Partial shipments and transshipmentLay days装卸时间, demurrage滞期 and dispatch速遣l Stipulation Agreed upon by both the seller and buyerShould be clear and specific2021-12-13Super275.4.2 Port of Shipment & Destinationl How to define Port of shipment the port where goods are

33、shipped and departl Usually decided by seller Port of destination the port at which goods are dischargedl Usually decided by buyer, confirmed by sellerl Ways of stipulationOne port:eg. Port of shipment: New York, USATwo ports or more eg. Port of destination: London/LiverpoolOptional ports (for port

34、of destination only and in case when the buyer cannot decide the port of destination at the time of contracting)eg. Port of destination: Liverpool, optional Hamburg /London2021-12-13Super285.4.2 Port of Shipment & Destinationl Issues to be concernedShipment port close to the origin of the goodsT

35、aking into consideration port facilities, regulations, specific transportation conditions, charges and possible sanctionsWording to be specific: avoiding “China port”, “European main port” etc. Considering possibility of same name for different ports (Victoria, Portland, Birmingham, etc.): eg. Victo

36、ria, UK. 2021-12-13Super295.4.3. Partial Shipment & Transshipmentl Partial shipment goods under one contract be shipped in more than one lot Reasons: llack of means of conveyance or shipping space availabilitylLimitation of loading and unloading facilities lRestriction of market capacity or production abilityAccording to UCP600, Article 31“Transport documents, which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same