international tradeReview (2)

1、 Ocean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international trade as well as the most efficient form in terms of energy. It still has the attraction of being a cheap modes of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distance. Before a shipment is made, the expo

2、rter has to consider many different factors influencing his transport considerations such as cost, safety, speed and convenience. 1 Ocean TransportModes of TransportTransport DocumentsTerms of TransportChapter 9 Delivery of GoodsIt falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.

3、 (1). Voyage charter 定程租船 (2). Time Charter 定期租船 (3). Demise charter 光船租船 (4). Charter party 租船合同 2) Liner/Regular Shipping Liner A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports. The main features of liners usually include: a. The liner has

4、 a regular line, port, timetable and comparatively fixed freight，which is the basic features of liners b. The ship-owner usually leases part of shipping space instead of the whole ship. c. The carrier is responsible for loading and unloading operations, i.e., Gross Terms. d. The B/L drawn by the shi

5、pping company is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. The rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are based on the B/L drawn by the shipping company. liner ship businessship charter demise charter marine transportation business v o y a g e chartertime charterc

6、haracteristics and functionsobligations of consignment liner consortia characteristics of ship leasing ways of ship charteringcharter party 5 International Combined Transport/International Multimodal Transport International combined transport means the conveyance of cargo includes at least two modes

7、 of transport by which the goods are carried from the place of dispatch to that of destination on the basis of combined transport or a multimodal transport contract. Under this method, the container is used as an inter-medium and make up of an international multimodal and joint transport mode by sea

8、, air and land. 7 Land Bridge Transport Land bridge transport is a mode of transport that connects the ocean transport on the two sides of the land by the railway and land which runs across the continent, i.e., ship-train-ship. Land bridge transport uses the container as a medium, so it has all adva

9、ntages of container transport.Section Two Shipping Documents International trade attaches so great importance to shipping documents that, to a certain degree, it can be called trade of documents, or “symbolic” trade. This is because shipping documents represent the title to the goods. For example, u

10、nder letter of credit, the buyer cannot take the delivery of the goods until he obtains the shipping documents; on the other hand, only if the seller releases the shipping documents can he receive the payment. What documents to be used and how to carefully and accurately complete them deserve our ad

11、equate attention. Generally, commercial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy or certificate, packing list, and weight memo etc, are called shipping documents. In addition, other documents required by the buyers and related to the matter of duty to be paid on the imported goods, sometimes, are a

12、lso included in shipping documents, they are the pro forma invoice, consular invoice, certificate of origin, certificate of value, certificate of inspection. Variety of documents (Leading)Bill of exchange InvoiceBill of ladingInsurance policy3 Partial shipment & Transshipment分批装运与转运分批装运与转运1）Part

13、ial Shipment分批装分批装运运Partial shipments allowed. (prohibited)Shipment should be effected within Jan/Feb/Mar 2003 in three lots.in three monthly lots.in three equal monthly lots.Shipment should be effected within May/June in three lots, 500M/T for each.2）Transshipment 转运转运Transshipment: in ocean shippi

14、ng, is the movement of goods in transit from one carrier to another at the ports of transshipment before the goods reach the port of destination.Reasons for transshipment: Transshipment is necessary when ships sailing direct to the port of destination are not available, the port of destination does

15、not tie along the sailing route of the liner, or the amount of cargo for a certain port of destination is so small that no ships would like to call at that port.我L公司于某年3月与英国B公司按CFR条件签订了一份出口帆布手包的合同。根据合同规定，L向H海运公司办理定舱。H接受承运后开始进行配载。由于L业务繁忙，H没有到生产厂家亲自查看整批货物装箱情况。货物装箱完毕后，H在合同规定的装运期内，将货物送往利物浦。1个月后，B来电向L索赔，

16、原因是帆布包有很大刺激性气味，影响推销。经查，帆布包刺激气味是运输过程造成的。同时，L认为双方是在CFR条件下交易的，自己已经完成了交货，因此之后的货物灭失或损坏的风险应该由B自己承担。L进一步分析认为，CFR要求B公司购买保险，所以B也应该向保险公司申请赔付。第2天B再次来电称根据INCONTERMS2000，卖方提供符合合同规定的货物是卖方基本的义务。经查，帆布包之所以产生刺激性气味，是由于集装箱油漆没有干透所致。在CFR下，卖方负责租船订舱，因此向L索赔是完全合理的。L再次调查，情况属实。于是同意降价20，后收回货款了结此案。1. 在CFR条件下，L作为卖方，完成了交货义务，则风险已经转

17、移到了买方B。但是对货物造成的损失，L仍承担了责任。这是否合理?2. B公司已经向保险公司投保。那么对于这次货物的损失，B能不能向保险公司申请赔付？3. H公司作为承运人，在此案中是否有责任？1风险与责任的关系。风险是指事故发生的可能性，但人们对灾害发生在认识上有不确定性。CFR条件下船舷只能是划分双方风险的界限。责任是合同规定的买卖双方必须尽的义务，是双方约定的。责任并不随着风险的转移而转移。卖方的责任直至买方接受了货物，甚至买方接受了货物的一定时期后才终止。2保险公司的承保问题。要想得到保险公司赔付，被保险人必须满足以下三个条件：（1）被保险人在保险事故发生时必须具有保险利益；（2）他必须

18、投了相关险别；（3）损失不属于除外责任。从国际贸易实践来看，因货损而引起的索赔，应从三个方面入手：（1）买方向卖方或卖方向买方索赔；（2）向保险公司索赔；（3）向承运人索赔。只有判断货损原因和确定索赔对象，才能确定责任事故的承担者并向其索赔。3不适货的责任归属问题。适货（适货（Cargo Cargo worthinessworthiness）意味着船舶及其设备适于接受货物，以便将货物运至目的港，以履行承运人要把货物安全运达目的地交与收货人的责任。不适货而造成的货损是承运人的责任。某公司以CFR术语进口一批面粉，国外卖方按期租船将货物发往我方目的港。货到目的港后，发现该批面粉严重霉变，经调查，原因是船舶是艘超龄服役的船，设备老化、航行速度慢，且船方又沿途招揽货物，致使航期延长了一个多月，由于是高温潮湿季节，长时间在船舱中面粉因此发生霉变。对此损失，我方应向谁索赔？ 1、 对此损失，我方应向卖方索赔。 2、 此案例涉及CFR术语， 山西一家进出口公司向加拿大温哥华出口3箱不锈钢连接器，以CIF计价。根据贸易合同，国内卖方如果超过装船期1