山西财经大学语言学重点

1、语言学第八章给定对话，考生分析涉及什么语言学内容设定情景然后考生设定对话，Both semanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetween themcanbe tracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean: (a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)What didyoumeanbyX？（东北师范大学， 2006）Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetw

2、eensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmaticsincludesthestudyof(1)Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;(2)Howspeakersuseandunderstand speechacts;(3)Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Pragmatics

3、issometimescontrastedwithsemantics,which dealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersand communicativefunctionsofsentences.36.DoyouthinkB iscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?SupportyourargumentwithCooperativePrinciple.（南开大学， 2004）A:Whenisthe buscoming?B:Therehasbeenan accidentfurtheruptheroad.Yes,B is

4、cooperative.Onthefaceofit,Bsstatementisnotananswer to A squestion.Bdoesntsay when.However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementasmeaning-Idontknowor-Iam notsure.精选文库Justassume thatBisbeing relevant and informative.GiventhatBsanswercontainsrelevantinformation,Acanworkoutthat anaccidentfurtheruptheroa

5、d,conventionallyinvolves-trafficjam, and trafficjampreludesbuscoming. Thus,Bsanswerisnotsimplya statementofwhenthebuscomes;itcontainsanimplicatureconcerning when the bus comes.37.What isthefunctionofcontextin communication? Try toexplainthefollowingutterancesratherthanjust statefacts.(1)Theroomismes

6、sy.(2)Itwouldbegood ifshehada greenskirton.It occurs before and / or after a word, a phrase or even a longer utterance or a text. The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item i

7、s used.(1)a.A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say tidy.c. The room was wanted for a meeting.(2)a.A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on alady sappearance.B.A regret t

8、hat the customer had not taken the dress.c. That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.2精选文库分析语料 运用音系 1语音学 1(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop p speak(2)low front vowel? pat(3)lateral liquidllife(4)velar nasal nsing(5)voiced interdental fricativez zero词汇学 1Wha

9、t are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically,the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not

10、 calculable from themeanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.语义学 2认知语言学1结合语言学内容，以及自己语言学习经历，说一下对competence 的理解，即 competence 指什么？应该包括什么内容？Competence:Accordingto Chomsky,a languageuser underlyings3精选文库knowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesis

11、calledthelinguisticcompetence.It is an essential part of performance. It is the speakerknowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, itswords, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generativegrammar is a model of competence. According my personal experience of learning English, competence can be specifically divided to four abilities, which are the abilit