英语修辞的翻译_unit_20

1、第第6章章 词义与修辞词义与修辞Translation of Figures of Speech Outline1. Revision2. Warming up3. Terms of figures of speech4. Techniques of translating figures of speech5. Exercises RevisionRevision 不要请些不三不四的人，花些不明不白的钱，讲些不要请些不三不四的人，花些不明不白的钱，讲些不痛不痒的话。不痛不痒的话。Dont spend some money unworthily to treat some nondescrip

2、t person, just for making some perfunctory remarks. A: 大事化了，小事化了。大事化了，小事化了。 B：刘三姐唱道：刘三姐唱道：“姓陶的不见桃结果，姓李不见姓陶的不见桃结果，姓李不见李开花，姓罗的不见锣鼓响，三个蠢才哪里来。李开花，姓罗的不见锣鼓响，三个蠢才哪里来。Warming upQ: Can the flavor of a language be translated into another?Warming up e.g. 上海自来水来自海上上海自来水来自海上 中国出人材人出国中中国出人材人出国中 e.g. Madam, Im Ada

3、m. 和尚打伞-无发无天（法）孔夫子搬家-尽是书（输） Long time no sea!(用来讽刺海鲜不新鲜） “黄河冰箱，领鲜一步”Discussion “In a translation, a translator must never add or leave out anything.” “In a translation, a translator may, if need be, add or leave out something.” “A translation should read like an original.” “A translation should read

4、 like a translation.”(extracted from Jumpelt 1961.) What do you think of these statements? Why?Conclusion This collection sounds totally contradictory and puzzling, but noteworthy. They never conflict actually, on the contrary, they indicate the point that everything (information) is able to be tran

5、slated by means of adding, explanation, sound translation etc.; that un-translatability is relative, but does exist in the process of translation practice. Therefore, one of the two major tasks of a translator is to make his translation perfectly close to the original; the other is to help the reade

6、rs to fully understand and accept the target culture.Warming up 1.The boy was creeping like snail unwillingly to school. 2.The boy stood rooted. 3. We are dying for the greatest nothing.4. -What does that lawyer do after he dies? -Lie still. 1. 那男孩像只蜗牛慢慢向前挪动，嘟哝着不愿去上学。2. 那男孩一动不动地呆着。3. 我们为那伟大的一文不值的信念而

7、死。4. - 那个律师死后能干什么？ （1）-静静地躺着。 （2）-躺着说鬼话。常用的英语修辞格常用的英语修辞格 1 音韵修辞格音韵修辞格 2 词义修辞格词义修辞格 3 句式修辞格句式修辞格 对于英语修辞格的翻译，我们要根据情况灵活地采取直译、加注、释义、套用、替代、切分（分译）、综合法等，另外有时原句无修辞格但翻译时为更符合目标语表达而采用修辞手法。 音韵修辞格音韵修辞格音韵修辞格音韵修辞格就是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。英语音韵修辞格主要包括onomatopoeia （拟声）（拟声）, alliteration （头韵）（头韵）和assonance （尾韵）（尾韵）等。 Pres

8、ently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. His great gaunt figure filled the cabin door. when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind.词义修辞格词义修辞格词义修辞格词义修辞格指主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。这类修辞格主要包括simile（明喻）, metapho

9、r（隐喻）, allusion（暗引或典故）, metonymy（转喻喻）, synecdoche（提喻）, antonomasia（换喻）,transferred epithet（转移修饰）, personification（拟人）, hyperbole（夸张）, irony（反语）, euphemism（委婉语）, pun（双关）, oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）, zeugma（轭式搭配法）, contrast （对照） , analogy(类比）等。Simile指用某一事物或情境来比拟另一事物或情境。一般用比喻词like, as 等。例如：He was like a cock.他就像一

10、只公鸡。I wandered lonely as a cloud.我像一朵浮云独自漫游。Metaphor就是把甲事物当作乙事物。例如：Time is money.时间就是金钱。The world is a stage.世界就是一个舞台。Metonymy, synecdoche和和antonomasia都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。例如：The pen is mightier than the sword. (metonymy)笔杆子比刀剑更有力。Many hands make light work. (synecdoche)人多好办事。Some mute ingl

11、orious Shelly here may rest. (antonomasia)。某个沉默的无名诗人也许在此长眠。Allusion的特点是不标明出处，一般多引用一个关键词或词组，将其糅合在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言或俗语等，大多源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话等。例如：Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法大概是他的绝对弱项。His home is truly Spartan.他家陈设极为简陋。Transferred epithet就是把本来应该用于修饰甲事物的定语移去修饰乙事物，一般用修饰有生命事物的形容词来修饰无生命事物。例如

12、：John threw a nervous glance at his brother.约翰紧张地朝他兄弟瞥了一眼。Recent increases do not keep up with soaring costs of living. 收入的增加赶不上物价的飞涨。Personification把非人之事物当作人来描写，把本来只适用于人的词语（如动词、形容词、名词或代词）用来描述物，赋予物以人的属性。例如：The thirsty soil drank in the rain.干燥的土壤大口大口地喝着雨水。Winter is almost over and spring is stepping

13、 in.冬天差不多过去了，春天的脚步也慢慢地走近了。Hyperbole为了强调而故意夸大事实，抒发强烈的情感，以便给人留下深刻的印象。例如：I havent seen you for ages.好久不见了。Irony就是正话反说或反话正说，一般都需要借助特定的上下文和情景才能正确理解。例如：What a great country this is! - They let the paupers go to sleep.这是一个多么伟大的国家啊！- 他们竟允许穷人“睡着”(让穷人们没有活路）。Pun就是用一个词、一句话或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：表面意思和隐含意思，且以隐含意思为主。分为谐音

14、双关和语义双关。例如：The wounded captive, an enemy high-ranking officer, lies before the doctor.受伤的俘虏是敌人的高级军官，他躺在医生面前 - 对医生撒谎。 More sun and air for your son and heir. 译文：这里有充足的阳光，清新的空气，一切为了您的子孙后代 -Which lager can claim to be truly German? -This can.（旁边画有一罐啤酒）译文： -哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货？ -这罐 Oxymoron把一种互相矛盾、互相排斥的概念

15、巧妙地组合作者一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。例如：She looked tall and splendidly alone.她个子高高的，好像鹤立鸡群，显得格外俊俏。Writing is busy idleness.写作是忙碌的消遣。 Parting is a sweet sorrow. (Romeo) 离别真是喜忧参半。Zeugma用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的名词搭配，两个名词在意义上不相干或第二个名词与动词或形容词等不能构成自然搭配，但却因借助前一个词的正常搭配而被读者接受。例如：She opened the door and her

16、 heart to the homeless boy.她向这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门，也敞开了自己的心扉。Yesterday he had a blue coat and heart.昨天他身着蓝色上衣，心情忧郁。Contrast是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起，在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性，以便更加鲜明、全面地表现事物的本质。例如：United we stand, divided we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。Analogy是把两个不同的事物或事件 放在一起比较其共性，以便更加鲜明、全面地表现事物的本质。例如： Men are April when th

17、ey woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (Shakespeare) 男人求爱时如和煦的4月，婚后却像寒冬腊月；闺中少女则宛若温暖的5月，而为人妇后却像易变的天气阴晴莫测。 Euphemism就是把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言用温和含蓄的表达方式讲出来，或是把话说得幽默一些。模糊词、抽象化、比喻、类推、低调陈述、折绕、动听词语、语用上的委婉，例如：Marys mother is in a family way.玛丽的母亲有喜了。J

18、ohns wife is a sanitation engineer.约翰的老婆是城市美容师be a guest of the law 坐牢walk the last mile 上刑场die in a necktie 绞死Doctor: The patient expired.Family: He is gone. / He fell asleep.Soldier: bite the dust; buy the farmThe death of bad guys: be cast into outer darkness（the movie: Ghost）Christianity: go to

19、the glory; join the choir; to be with God文雅：go to sleep; be no more; pass away; demise粗俗：kick the bucket; kick up ones heelsEuphemism 委婉语委婉语：“death” vs. “死死” 帝王：驾崩，泰山崩倒，薨平民百姓：亡，卒军人：阵亡，战死沙场，马革裹尸，牺牲，就义女性：红颜薄命，香消玉损佛教：圆寂，涅槃，灵魂出壳Euphemism 委婉语委婉语：“death” vs. “死死” 道教：驾鹤西归；羽化好人：死得其所 坏人：死有余辜文雅：逝世，安息，去了粗俗：蹬腿了

20、，翻白眼，见鬼，见阎王，呜呼哀哉，翘辫子，见马克思去了、去货了Euphemism 委婉语委婉语：“death” vs. “死死” 1.3 句式修辞格句式修辞格句式修辞格句式修辞格是指通过句子结构的布局或变化来达到一定的修辞效果。这类修辞格主要包括repetition（反复）, rhetorical question（修辞问句）, antithesis（对偶）, parallelism（排比）, anastrophe（倒装）, climax（层递）等。Repetition是重复使用同一词语、句子或段落，以此强调某一事物的意义，表达强烈的感情。例如：I have written in bed an

21、d written out of it, written day and night.我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。Rhetorical question是采用明知故问、无疑而问或寓答于问的方式来突出某些观点和思想。例如：Can a man be too cruel to his mothers enemy?难道一个人采取行动来对付他母亲的仇人，还会嫌自己太残酷了吗？Antithesis是用平行或对称的结构来表现两种相反的意思，使二者互相衬托、鲜明突出。例如：We can all swim well together, but we can also all sink together.

22、 我们可能一起顺利地破浪前进，我们也可能一起葬身鱼腹汰渍洗衣粉：汰渍到，污垢逃。 tides in, dirts out.Parallelism是用平行的句子或结构，把两个或更多的事物进行比较，借以突出他们的共同点或不同点。例如：He climbed the stairs, took off his clothes, and fell into bed.他爬上楼梯，脱下衣服，便一头倒在床上。Anastrophe是改变正常的主、谓、宾语序或状语的位置，采用倒装结构。Came the dawn.天刚破晓。Climax是把一系列的词、短语或分句按照其表达的思想内容的重要性，由弱到强、由轻到重依次排列

23、，最后到达顶点。Since concord was lost, friendship was lost; loyalty was lost; liberty was lost - all was lost.既然失去了和睦，也就失去了友谊，失去了忠诚，失去了自由 - 失去了一切。2. 英语修辞格的翻译英语修辞格的翻译A. 直译直译There are a lot of good heads in the university.这所大学拥有许多优秀的人才。He blushed to the roots of his hair.他的脸红到了发根。The book set off a firestorm

24、 of reaction.这本书引起了风暴般的反应。The world is in orderly chaos.世界处于有序的混乱中。B. 加注加注Tom is a Hercules.汤姆是赫拉克勒斯式的人物，非常强壮。（注：赫拉克勒斯是希腊和罗马神话中主神宙斯之子，力大无穷。）He is another Shylock.他是又一个夏洛克。（注：夏洛克是莎士比亚的威尼斯商人中的一个非常刻薄吝啬的商人。）C. 释义释义You need to budget your time.你必须安排一下你的时间。You want your pound of flesh, dont you?你要逼债，是吗？D.

25、 归化归化He is all fire and fight.他怒气冲冲，来势汹汹。E. 切分切分She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.在一次舞会上，她倾心爱上了一个人，但却丢失了她的项链。I deserve neither such praise nor such censure.这样的夸奖我担当不起，这样的责备我也担待不起。F. 数种译法并用数种译法并用 when I and my sorrows are dust.当我的尸骨化为尘土，我的哀愁化作清风时 G. 英语原文无修辞格，翻译成汉语时英语原文无修辞格，翻译成汉语时用修辞格用修辞格The k

26、id was scared speechless by the thunder.那个孩子被雷声吓得呆若木鸡。翻译的成功范例你不理财，财不理你If you leave “Managing Money” alone,Money will manage to leave you alone 中药材广告：“药材好，药才好。” Only fine medicinal herbs Make fine herbal medicines. Easier dusting by a stre-e-etch! 译文：拉拉拉长，除尘力强 。Exercises请指出下列句子中的修辞格并翻译句子。请指出下列句子中的修辞格

27、并翻译句子。1. Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.2. “The boy has broken another glass,” said the mother. “ A fine thing!” the father replied. 3. -What does that lawyer do after he dies? -Lie still.4. Man proposes, God disposes. Exercises5. He seemed nailed to the ground. 6. He was like a defeate

28、d fighting cock. 7. He was a mixture of the tiger and the ape. 8. His words are as plain as ABC. -But I am DEF. 9. I skimmed over the book to taste the tone of it. 10. The ship plows the sea. 11. He doesnt have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 一、形似（直译）一、形似（直译）1. The fury of

29、 the crowd erupted like a volcano. 群众的愤怒像火山一般爆发起来。2. I cant save myself any more than a clay idol can save itself while swimming across a river. 我本人是泥菩萨过河，自身难保。3. If we attack quickly, we can nip（掐掉） the enemys plans in the bud. 如果我们迅速进攻，就可以把敌人的计划消灭在萌芽状态。二、神似（意译）二、神似（意译）1. What is learned in the cra

30、dle is carried to the grave. 2. I cant earn enough to keep my body and soul together. 3. When my ship comes in, I will take a trip to Africa. 4. Every life has its roses and thorns. 少时所学，到老不忘。我赚的不够吃。当我发了财时，我要到非洲去。每个人的生活都有甜有苦。三、灵活处理的代替法三、灵活处理的代替法 Doea dear, a female deer. Ray a drop of golden sun. Me

31、 a name I call myself. Far a long long way to run. Sew a needle pulling thread. La a note to follow sew. Tea a drink with jam and bread. That will bring us back to doe. 对比两种译文：译文1. Doe 是鹿，是一头母鹿，Ray是金色阳光，Me是我，是我自己，Far是奔向远方，Sew是引针穿线，La跟在Sew后面走，Tea喝茶加点心。那就重会到Doe。译文2. 朵，美丽的花朵。来啊，大家都快来！密，你们来猜秘密。发，猜中我把奖发。索，大家用心思索。拉，快点猜莫拖拉。体，怎样练好身体，做茁壮成长的花朵。各种修辞的翻译（能直译就直译，不能再用意译， 直+意） 比喻：比喻：simile明明,metaphor隐隐, metonymy转转1. He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his w