英国政治体系

1、British Political SystemWestminster system monarch head of the executive, and integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciaryThe executiveLegislature the Prime Minster, the cabinet and government departmentsMinisters in the parliamentJudiciaryA duty originally carried out by law lordsSummary

2、The Royal FamilyHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II伊丽莎白二世伊丽莎白二世查尔斯查尔斯菲利普菲利普阿瑟阿瑟乔治乔治CharlesPhilip Arthur George The King or Queen is the personification of the State.The Elizabeth II is beautiful when she was young,but she is also elegance when she is old.The Parliament（议会）The functions of Parliament incl

3、uding passing laws, providing the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation, and scrutinizing government policy, administration and expenditure and debating the major issues of the day. Political Parties the Conservative Party (保守党）- in power the Labour Party （工党）- in opposi

4、tion the Liberal Democrats （自由民主党）Conservative Party（保守党） - developed from the Tory Party in 1830s（保守党在19实际30年代后的发展） - party of rich and privileged（富人和贵族组成的政党） - opposed to nationalization（反对国有制） - favor monopoly (mnpl) capitalists （支持垄断资本家）The Labour Party（工党） - party of underprivileged（贫民阶级组成的的政党）

5、 - party of reformists（改革人士组成的党派） - aims at nationalization of big enterprises（服务于国有制和大企业) - more democratic and looser in organization（更加民主，组织松散）The Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党) - mixe economy with state-owned & private- owned enterprises（国有和私人混合经济体制） -Opposes isolationism aslenzm (孤立主义政策)

6、- Advocates policies based on freedom of the individual and support for the adoption of Propositional Representation (比例代表制) at electionsThe British Parliament(英国议会）A brief introduction： It was founded in the 13th century.The parliament at London ,which is equival-ent to legislature (立法机关）. It is th

7、e highest legislative authority in the UK-the institution responsible for making and repealing(废止）all the UK laws . It consists of the monarch (君主）、 the House of Lords（上议院） and House of Commons（下议院）。British Parliament BuildingFunctions: Make all the laws ; scrutinize(审查）government policy,administrat

8、ion and expenditure; Hear appeals(上诉)in the highest Court of Appeal(最高上诉法院）in British; Debate the major issues of the day。kings King is seen as a source of all power, State of the Incarnation, in the Powerbut disregard politics（临朝而不临政）, integration without treatment （统而不治）status。In political life, s

9、ymbolic of the country.Versailles凡尔赛宫 legislative powers： The king approved and promulgated（颁布）laws; Develop civilian regulations（文官管理法规）; Issued an Order in Council and charter（颁布枢密院令和特许状); Convene(召集), suspend(终止) parliamentary session，dissolve（解散） parliament; Appointment and removal of key offici

10、als.Elizabeth IMary IAnne of Great BritishAlexandrina VictoriaElizabeth IIThe House of Lords(上议院） Upper house consists of royal descent(王族后裔)、 hereditary aristocracy(世袭贵族)、 nobility new seal（新封贵族）、 the Court of Appeal（上诉法院法官), the church arch-ishops and bishops(教会大主教和主教). Which is composed of 669 Me

11、mbers, no term limits(无任期限制）.Red chamberFunctions: the introduction of bills（提出法案）; may delay the entry into force of the bill in the legislative process; impeachment trial（审判弹劾案）; exercising the highest judicial authority（司法权）。The House of Commons(下议院） MPs（下院议员) elec-ted by universal suffr-ae(普选）,

12、a total of 651 Members for a term of five years. Green chamberFunctions: raise important bill; first discussion by the bill; ask questions; finance bill（财政法案） can only be proposed and adopted by the lower house. The rights of British prime minister 代表政府向英王汇报全部情况（On behalf of the government ）代表政府在议会中

13、为政府的重大政策进行辩护（defend）主持内阁会议，决定内阁议事日程（Preside，decide）向英王提出任命内阁成员和其他部长名单，也可要求他们辞职或变更他们的职务（Preside over ，decide to ）向英王推荐高级法官、主教和对某些其他官员的任命（recommende to ，appointment for ）决定各部职权的划分，决定部的成立、合并和废除(department, merging and abolished )对各部业务进行总的指导，解决各部之间的争议(guidance to , solve the dispute )内阁必须接受议会的监督，因此首相有责任

14、回答议会的质询，向议会报告政府的工作。但是，首相作为议会多数党领袖能操纵议会，并且有权建议英王解散议会，宣布重新大选(accept the supervision ,answer the parliamentary inquiry,have the right advice to the king to dissolve parliament, announced to the election The rights of British prime minister 英国首相，代表英国王室和民众执掌国家行政权力的最高官员，英国政府首脑。一般情况下国会下议院的多数党党魁或执政联盟的首领自动成为

15、首相人选，人选经国王/女王确认并任命后才正式成为首相。 (the British royal family ,the house of Commons majority leader or the leader ,confirmed ,appointed , became ) 内阁制起源于18世纪初的英国，由枢密院外交委员会演变而来，以后为许多国家采用。内阁制的内阁是以议会为基础产生的(originated in the early 18th century ,Switch cabinet is based on assembly ) 1. Constitutional Monarchy 2.

16、 The Constitution 3. Supplementary noteBasic Structure of British political system Monarch The Legislature立法立法 The Executive行政行政The Judiciary司法司法The HouseOf CommonsThe House Of LordsPrime MinisterCabinetMinistersassistantsCivil LawCriminal LawSeparation of PowerSeparation of PowerLegislatureExecutiv

17、e JudiciaryExecutive The Government Technically, the Central Government refers to the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is the nucleus（核心）（核心） of the government. All its members are chosen among the MPs. This makes the British government known as the Parliamentary government or Cabin

18、et government.Judiciary Judiciary is headed by Lord Chancellor, a leading Law Lord appointed by the Prime Minister. House of Lords is the highest court which will be replaced by the Supreme Court and there wont be Lord Chancellor in the near future, and all this is part of the Constitutional Reform

19、promised by Labour government.English JudgesThe Constitution宪法Britain doesnt have a constitution written down in a single document. The constitution flows from 6 sources: 1) The Royal Prerogatives prirtiv (特权特权) 2) Statute Laws 成文法成文法3) Common Laws 普通法普通法, 判例法判例法4) Conventions 习惯法习惯法5) Authoritative

20、 Opinions 权威意见权威意见6) European Union Laws 欧盟法欧盟法 Unwritten consistitution 构建一部完善的成文宪法典，是当代立宪的潮构建一部完善的成文宪法典，是当代立宪的潮流。但是英国人从经验主义的观点出发，对制定流。但是英国人从经验主义的观点出发，对制定成文宪法的作用感到怀疑。詹宁斯在谈到这一点成文宪法的作用感到怀疑。詹宁斯在谈到这一点时说时说“任何人都可以草拟一部宪法，但只有在与任何人都可以草拟一部宪法，但只有在与政府有关者可能遵守它的时候，它才能成为宪法；政府有关者可能遵守它的时候，它才能成为宪法；如果他们不遵守它，那它就不是什么法。如果他们不遵守它，那它就不是什么法。” 英国英国人仍然自豪的坚持着不成文的宪法形式。这种立人仍然自豪的坚持着不成文的宪法形式。这种立宪方式可以及时的把