阅读阅读教程第四册_课件_Unit_4

1、Life or Death (Euthanasia)Unit 4Background The word euthanasia originated from the Greek word euthanatos: eu means good and thanatos means death. Now it refers to mercy killing, or intentionally ending the life someone who is hopelessly sick or injured in order to them from suffering. Euthanasia is

2、a complex issue with many underlying theological, sociological, religious, and moral aspects. It is heavily debatedaround the world, with strong arguments made for both sides of the issue. Voluntary euthanasiaVoluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed volunta

3、ry euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. When the patient brings about his or her own death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead. Non-voluntary eutha

4、nasiaNon-voluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable is termed non-voluntary euthanasia. Examples include child euthanasia, which is illegal worldwide but decriminalised under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol

5、. Involuntary euthanasiaInvoluntary euthanasia Euthanasia conducted against the will of the patient is termed involuntary euthanasia.Legal StatusLegal Status Reasons for and against euthanasia: Pros: Be a burden to his family and to society Each person has autonomy over his own life Terminally ill p

6、atients have the right to decide to commit suicide and seek assistance if necessary. The terminally ill suffer pain that can hardly be comprehended by those who have not experienced it. The departing person is taking full responsibility for the action What s the point of allowing someone a few more

7、months or days or hours of so-called life when death is inevitable? Cons: The doctor may make mistakes in diagnosis and treatment. A doctor is obliged to treat his patients pain to the best of his ability. Practicing euthanasia prevents the development of new cures. Suffering and pain cant be treate

8、d by ending them through death. Reasonable medical help must be sought to cure or at least slow down the terminal disease. Abuse might arise.Interpretation of the quotationsIt is not the death of the body but the death of ones will and spirit that is of the greatest loss in life. What is most tragic

9、 is to exist without dignity and sensitivity.If we can help a terminal patient to end his thorough physical torture and his life in a proper way or in proper time, we actually give him something as good as medicine and also show our love for and care to him.The minute we are conceived in our mothers

10、 womb, we are involved in a battle that we have to fight by ourselves. The result of the battle is certain: we must die some day very often by ourselves just as we are born alone.Reading 1Reading 1 Do Not Resuscitate or a No Code OrderDo Not Resuscitate or a No Code Order In a hospital, an order to

11、withhold resuscitation is commonly called “no code. Only a doctor can write an order for a patient to be “no code. If you or your loved one are in the hospital and you havent been asked your preference for resuscitation, be sure to bring this up with the doctor. If your wish is to not be resuscitate

12、d, inform the doctor and nurses about this. Each state has its own procedure for instituting a no code order, and there may be forms you need to sign. 1. What was Mac like when he was first admitted into the hospital? 2. What was the relationship like between the nurse (the narrator) and Macs family

13、? 3. How does the narrator describe Mac after he was in hospital for six months? 4. What did the “code blue” team do to Mac? Why did the nurse say that every night she pray for that Mac would die? 5. What is a no-code order? What are the consequences if a nurse fails to push the button for the code

14、blue team without the no-code order? 6. What is the idea that the author wanted to express through the rhetorical questions in para.11? Title: what the narrator has done led to the death of a patient which is deemed as a crime by the public who hold the traditional morality. But the motivation of so

15、-called “crime” comes from the narrators compassion for the patient. “Compassion”, a kind-hearted and good-natured affection, contradicts with “crime”, an evil behavior. The contrast arouses the interest of the readers. Para.4 “Otherwise, he felt great.” He had nothing wrong but some coughing. Para.

16、5 “without ever giving death a thought.” None of us had ever thought that Mac would die. Para.6 “When Mac had wasted away to a sixty-pound skeleton kept alive by liquid food we poured down a tube, I.V. solutions we dripped into his veins, and oxygen we piped to a mask on his face, he begged us: Merc

17、y for Gods sake, please just let me go.” Suffering the disease, Mac was much weaker than before who cannot live without the instruments or medical substances. The treatment itself is a torture also. Mac could not bear the agony anymore and pleaded for death. Para.7 work their miracles: resuscitate t

18、he patient who has stopped breathing, make the patient who almost dies alive again. Its a miracle process. Para.10 “Was all this misery and suffering supposed to be building character or infusing us all with the sense of humility that comes form impotence?” Does God inflict all this misery and suffe

19、ring on us in order to build our character or let us learn humility by knowing that we are so tiny that we cannot rival with the destiny. Para.12 “I thought he at last had the blessed relief of coma.” Coma is a relief to him which is much better than the clear feeling of pain. The narrator thought h

20、e had coma because he was still for so long. Para.15 “A clutch of panic banded my chest, drew my finger to the code button, urged me to do something, anything.” The nurse was not cold-blooded as the public thought. The original panic and the respect of life drove her to do something or anything rath

21、er than to stand around to see Mac die. Para.16 Legal twilight zone: the ambiguous region in the law (here it means though the nurse intentionally “let the patient go”, what she have done seemed to be legal, because she has finished her duty to call the code blue team, though after Mac had died.) Pa

22、ra.18Para.18 “Until there is legislation making it a criminal act to code a patient who has requested the right to die, we will al of us risk the same fate as Mac.” We will suffer a lot and be tortured as Mac if we have heavy disease, unless the law stipulates that it is criminal to resuscitate a pa

23、tient if he has requested the right to die.vocabulary 1. vulture: N-COUNT 兀鹫;秃鹫 A vulture is a large bird which lives in hot countries and eats the flesh of dead animals. 2. resusitate: VERB 使复活;使苏醒;救活 If you resuscitate someone who has stopped breathing, you cause them to start breathing again =ren

24、ew revive 3. witty: ADJ 机智幽默的;妙趣横生的;诙谐的 Someone or something that is witty is amusing in a clever way. His plays were very good, very witty.他的剧作非常精彩，妙趣横生。 He is a very witty speaker.他说话妙语连珠. = humorous,amusing 4. macho: ADJ 富有男子汉气概的;大男子主义的 You use macho to describe men who are very conscious and pro

25、ud of their masculinity. =manly, masculine 5. haggard: ADJ （尤指因病或睡眠不足）憔悴的，形容枯槁的，困倦Someone who looks haggard has a tired expression and shadows under their eyes, especially because they are ill or have not had enough sleep. = tired-looking, exhausted 6. waste away: PHRASAL VERB 变消瘦;变衰弱 If someone was

26、tes away, they become extremely thin or weak because they are ill or worried and they are not eating properly. Persons dying from cancer grow thin and visibly waste away.因患癌症濒临死亡的人会日渐消瘦，而且身体明显衰弱。 =weaken 7. code blue: n.蓝色警报（紧急医疗事件）； 在此紧急医疗事件中，一组医疗人员正试图对一个心脏停跳的人进行心脏复苏。 8. saliva: N-UNCOUNT 唾液;口水;涎 S

27、aliva is the watery liquid that forms in your mouth and helps you to chew and digest food. 9. drool: VERB 流口水;垂涎 If a person or animal drools, saliva drops slowly from their mouth. My dog Jacques is drooling on my shoulder.我的狗雅克在我肩膀上流着口水。 =dribble, salivate 10. irrigate: 灌溉； 冲洗（伤口） =bathe water 11.

28、crater: N-COUNT坑，弹坑 A crater is a very large hole on the surface. =hole 12. suction: VERB (用医疗器械)抽吸，吸出 If a doctor or nurse suctions a liquid, they remove it by using a machine which sucks it away. Michael was showing the nurse how to suction his saliva.迈克尔正给护士示范如何把他的唾液吸出来。 13. feces/faeces: N-UNCOU

29、NT 粪便;排泄物 Faeces is the solid waste substance that people and animals get rid of from their body by passing it through the anus. 14. scrub away: 擦洗 Dont rub too hard with your cleaning brush or you could scrub the paint away.不要用刷子刷得太狠，不然的话，你会把油漆都刷掉的。 15. lucid: ADJ（病后或糊涂过后）清醒的，头脑清楚的，思路清晰的 If someone

30、 is lucid, they are thinking clearly again after a period of illness or confusion. He wasnt very lucid, he didnt quite know where he was.他神志不是很清醒，不太知道自己在哪里。 =conscious 16. crumbled:土崩瓦解,崩溃 17. wonder about: 对感到奇怪; 考虑 I often wonder about why she treated me like that. 我时常纳闷她为什么要那样对待我。 Do you often wo

31、nder about the future of the world?你时常考虑世界的未来吗？ 18. infuse: VERB 把注入;灌输 To infuse a quality into someone or something, or to infuse them with a quality, means to fill them with it. A union would infuse unnecessary conflict into the companys employee relations. 工会会把不必要的冲突带入公司员工关系当中。 19. impotence: N-

32、UNCOUNT 无能力;不起作用 Impotence is a lack of power to influence people or events. =weakness 20. salvation: N-UNCOUNT 解救;拯救 The salvation of someone or something is the act of saving them from harm, destruction, or an unpleasant situation. =save, rescue 21. self-righteous: ADJ-GRADED 以正人君子自居的;自以为是的 If you

33、 describe someone as self-righteous, you disapprove of them because they are convinced that they are right in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour and that other people are wrong. =hypocritical,opinionated 22. meddle: VERB 管闲事;干涉;干预 If you say that someone meddles in something, you are criticizin

34、g the fact that they try to influence or change it without being asked I hope he doesnt try to meddle in my affairs. 我希望他不来干预我的事情。 =interfere 23. waxen: ADJ (脸色等)苍白的，无生气的 A waxen face is very pale and looks very unhealthy. = white, colorless 24. pallor: N-SING （脸色或肤色的）苍白 If you refer to the pallor o

35、f someones face or skin, you mean that it is pale and unhealthy. 25. cradle: VERB 轻轻抱着(或捧着) If you cradle someone or something in your arms or hands, you hold them carefully and gently. I cradled her in my arms.我把她轻轻地抱在怀里 =hold,carryReading 2Reading 2What behaviors reflected the authors despair at f

36、irst? What did the physician respond to his behavior? Whats the authors situation later? Whats the authors attitude to euthanasia? Whats the authors reason to support his argument? According to the author, how to define happiness? 6. What does the author suggest on community resources? Para.1 “He re

37、fused and predicted that someday I would appreciate the unwisdom of my request.” He refused my request and predicted that such behavior will turn out to be silly someday when Im getting better. If he accept my request now, I may lose my life and close all the possibilities to live on. Para.3 “Althou

38、gh time has softened my memories they are vivid enough to justify my saying that I suffered enough to warrant dying several times over.” Although the memories of my sufferings last time have faded a little, they are still clear enough to recall me of the painful experience. If theres a certain amoun

39、t of pain that one who is dying has to undergo, what Ive suffered is enough to let me die several times. Para.4 “I dread imposing on my family and friends another grim round of misery similar to the one my first attack occasioned.” I am scared that I would suffer from another heart attack or stroke

40、and make my family and friends suffer what they suffered during my first attack. Para.5 “I know that for them the long days and nights of waiting, the disruption of their professional duties and their own familial responsibilities counted for nothing in their anxiety for me.” Count for nothing: be n

41、ot important at all Whole: I know that they are worried about me a lot, which make them waiting days and nights, disrupt their professional duties and deprive them of the time for their own familial responsibilities.”“Nevertheless, to visit another prolonged spell of helpless suffering on them as my

42、 life ebbs away, or even worse, if I linger on into a comatose senility, seems altogether gratuitous.”However, it is unnecessary and very upsetting to make my family suffer again for a period of time when I am dying, or even worse, when I remain alive but turn to a vegetable.Para.6“Is not all that o

43、ne endured, together with the risk of its recurrence, an acceptable price for the multiple satisfactions that are still open even to a person of advanced years?”All that one endured: the sufferings of the author from the first heart attackMultiple satisfactions: the joy and satisfaction of living, o

44、f basking in the sunshine writing ones testament of wisdom and folly for posterity.Whole: Cant we see those sufferings and the risk of the diseases recurrence as an acceptable price for those joy and satisfaction in life, which the elderly can also appreciate? Para.7“Apparently those who cling to li

45、fe no matter what think so. I do not.”The ones who will ask such questions as in para.6 are those who are unwilling to give up any chance of living. But I am not one of them.Para.8“The zest and intensity of these experiences are no longer what they used to beeventful-making.”The joy and satisfaction

46、 mentioned in para.6 mean differently from before after I have experienced the deadly pain. I have had clear reorganization of myself, never self-abased or self-adulation. Para.9“To some extent, my views reflect what I have seen happen to the aged and stricken who have been so unfortunate as to surv

47、ive crippling paralysis.”In a way, my views reflect the reality of those old and sick people who, unfortunately, survived, but are now paralyzed.Vocabulary 1. congestive: ADJ (疾病)充血性的 A congestive disease is a medical condition where a part of the body becomes blocked. .congestive heart failure. 充血性

48、心力衰竭 2. angiogram: n.血管、淋巴管造影照片 3. hiccup:N-UNCOUNT 呃逆;打嗝 When you have hiccups, you make repeated sharp sounds in your throat, often because you have been eating or drinking too quickly. 4. uninterrupted: ADJ 不间断的；连续不断的 If something is uninterrupted, it is continuous and has no breaks or interrupti

49、ons in it. five years of rapid and uninterrupted growth.5年持续的快速增长 = endless 5. ingest: VERB 摄取;吸收 When animals or plants ingest a substance, they take it into themselves, for example by eating or absorbing it. You will ingest only the lightest of substances. 你只将摄取最轻的物质 =digest 6. paralyzed: adj.瘫痪的，

50、麻痹的 =numb 7. slime: N-UNCOUNT 黏滑的污垢;烂泥 Slime is a thick, wet substance which covers a surface or comes from the bodies of animals such as snails. The pond was full of mud and green slime.池子里满是淤泥和绿色的污水。 =mud 7. pleurisy: N-UNCOUNT 胸膜炎 Pleurisy is a serious illness in which a persons lungs are sore an

51、d breathing is difficult. 8. set in: PHRASAL VERB (不好的事情)产生，开始，到来，恶化 If something unpleasant sets in, it begins and seems likely to continue or develop. Winter is setting in and the population is facing food and fuel shortages.冬天即将到来，人们将面临食物和燃料的短缺。 =begin 8. discharge: VERB 允许离开(医院、军队);(从监狱)释放 When

52、someone is discharged from hospital, prison, or one of the armed services, they are officially allowed to leave, or told that they must leave. He has a broken nose but may be discharged today. 他鼻梁断了，但或许今天就能出院。 =release 9. resonance: N-UNCOUNT 嘹亮;洪亮 If a sound has resonance, it is deep, clear, and st

53、rong. His voice had lost its resonance; it was tense and strained.他的声音不再洪亮，而是显得紧张，不太自然。 10. croak:VERB (人)用低哑的声音说 If someone croaks something, they say it in a low, rough voice. She croaked something unintelligible. 她声音沙哑地说了些含糊不清的话。 11. rigorous: ADJ-GRADED (测试、系统或程序)严格的，严密的，缜密的 A test, system, or p

54、rocedure that is rigorous is very thorough and strict The planes have to undergo rigorous safety checks. 飞机必须经过严密的安全检查。 = strict 12. sodium: N-UNCOUNT 钠 Sodium is a silvery-white chemical element which combines with other chemicals. Salt is a sodium compound. 13. resume: V.（使）重新开始;（使）继续进行 If you res

55、ume an activity or if it resumes, it begins again. After the war he resumed his duties at Emmanuel College. 战争过后，他重新开始了在伊曼纽尔学院的工作。 14. stricken: ADJ 受煎熬的;患病的;遭受挫折的;受灾的 If a person or place is stricken by something such as an unpleasant feeling, an illness, or a natural disaster, they are severely af

56、fected by it. Foreign aid workers will not be allowed into the stricken areas.国外救援人员不准进入灾区。 15. octogenarian: N-COUNT 80至89岁的人；八旬老人 An octogenarian is a person who is between eighty and eighty-nine years old. 16. cardiovascular:ADJ 心血管的 Cardiovascular means relating to the heart and blood vessels. 1

57、7. surcease: n.停止 18. due: N-PLURAL 会（员）费 Dues are sums of money that you give regularly to an organization that you belong to, for example a social club or trade union, in order to pay for being a member. Only 18 of the UNs 180 members had paid their dues by the January deadline.在一月最后期限前联合国 180 个成员

58、国只有 18 个缴纳了会费。 19. grim: ADJ严峻的；令人不快的；让人沮丧的；令人难以接受的 A situation or piece of information that is grim is unpleasant, depress ing, and difficult to accept. =dreadful, horrible, terrible 20. occasion: VERB 导致；引起；使发生 To occasion something means to cause it. He argued that the release of hostages should

59、not occasion a change in policy.他认为释放人质不应造成政策的改变。 =induce, bring, cause 21. disruption: N-VAR 中断;扰乱;混乱 When there is disruption of an event, system, or process, it is prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way. =breakdown, disturbance 22. spell: N-COUNT (某种活动、天气等的)一段短暂时间，一阵 A spell of a

60、particular type of weather or a particular activity is a short period of time during which this type of weather or activity occurs. There has been a long spell of dry weather.很长一段时间里天气一直很干燥 =periodl 23. ebb away: 消逝，渐渐衰退 But the risk now is that the consensus for reform will ebb away.然而现在的危险是改革的共识会悄