GRE-练习二十一

1、GRE练习二十（总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟）一、Blndefinite item selection/B（总题数：21,分数：64.00）1. When literary periods are defined on the basis of men's writing, women's writing must be forcibly assimilated into an irrelevant grid: a Renaissance that is not a renaissance for women, a Romantic period in which w

2、omen played very little part, a modernism with which women conflict.Simultaneously, the history of women's writing has been suppressed, leaving large, mysterious gaps in accounts of the development of various genres. UFeminist criticism is beginning to correct this situation./U Margaret Anne Doo

3、dy, for example, suggests that during "the period between the death of Richardson and the appearance of the novels of Scott and Austen," which has "been regarded as a dead period," late- eighteenth-century womenwriters actually developed "the paradigm for women's fiction

4、 of the nineteenth century something hardly less than the paradigmof the nineteenth-century novel itself." Feminist critics have also pointed out that the twentieth-century writer Virginia Woolf belonged to a tradition other than modernism and that this tradition surfaces in her work precisely

5、where criticism has hitherto found obscurities, evasions, implausibilities, and imperfections.The author quotes Doody most probably in order to illustrate* A. a contribution that feminist criticism can make to literary criticism.* B. a modernist approach that conflicts with women's writing.«

6、; C. writing by a woman which had previously been ignored.* D. the hitherto overlooked significance of Scott's and Austen's novels.« E. a standard system of defining literary periods.（分数：3.00 ）A. VB.C.D.E.解析：解析根据题干的关键词 Doody回原文定位，定位词附近有举例词 for example，寻找for example 前面的概述句（Feminist criti

7、cism is beginning to correct this situation），对概述句进行同义改写， 可以得岀正确答案为 A选项。2. The 1973 Endangered Species Act made into legal policy the concept that endangered species of wildlife are precious as part of a natural ecosystem. The nearly unanimous passage of this actin the United States Congress, reflect

8、ing the rising national popularity of environmentalism, masked a bitter debate. Affected industries clung to the former wildlife policy of valuing individual species according to their economic usefulness. UThey fought to minimize the law's impact by limiting definitions of key terms,/U but they

9、 lost on nearly every issue. The act defined "wildlife"as almost all kinds of animals from large mammalsto invertebrates and plants."Taking" wildlifewas defined broadly as any action that threatened an endangered species; areasvital to a species' survival could be federally p

10、rotected as "critical habitats". Though these definitions legislated strong environmentalist goals, political compromises made in the enforcement of the act were to determine just what economic interests would be set aside for the sake of ecological stabilization.The author refers to the t

11、erms "wildlife" "taking" and "critical habitats" most likely in orderto: A. illustrate the misuse of scientific language and concepts in political processes. B. emphasize the importance of selecting precise language in transforming scientific concepts into law.« C.

12、 represent terminology whose definition was crucial in writing environmentalist goals into law.« D. demonstrate the triviality of the issues debated by industries before Congress passed the Endangered Species Act.« E. show that broad definitions of key terms in many types of laws resulted

13、in ambiguityand thus left room for disagreement about how the law should be enforced.（分数:3.00 ）A.B.C. VD.E.解析：解析根据题干中的关键词wildlife , taking , critical habitats回原文定位，三个例子共同证明一个观点，即概述句（They fought to minimize the law's impact by limiting definitions of key terms, but they lost on nearly every issue

14、），将概述句进行同义词改写，得出C选项为正确答案，选项中的terminology 替换原文的 term。3. UHistorians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods andservices that took place in eighteenth-century England./UMcKendrick has explored theWedgwood firm's remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery;Plumb

15、has written about theproliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children's toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demandfor

16、luxuries? In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to:* A. contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.* B. indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.* C. gi

17、ve examples of historians whohave helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.* D. support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.* E. compare one historian's interest in luxury goods such as pottery to a

18、nother historian's interest in luxury services such as musical festivals.（分数：3.00 ）A.B.C. VD.E.解析：解析根据题干中的关键词 McKendrick和Plumb回原文定位，二个例子共同证明一个观点，即概述句(Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods andservices that took place in eighteenth-century England)，将概述

19、句进行同义词改写，得出C 选项为正确答案。4.Some recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America fromapproximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Ulnheritors ofsome of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, the

20、se recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation./UThe kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with theRevolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within thatlarger conflict? Certainly not by the side a

21、person supported.The author most likely refers to "historians such as Beard and Becker" in order to:« A. isolate the two historians whose work is most representative of the viewpoints ofProgressive historians.* B. emphasize the need to find connections between recent historical writin

22、g and the work of earlier historians.« C. make a case for the importance of the views of the Progressive historians concerning eighteenth-century American life.* D. suggest that Progressive historians were the first to discover the particular internal conflicts in eighteenth-century American li

23、fe mentioned in the passage.« E. point out historians whose views of history anticipated some of the views of the recent historians mentioned in the passage.(分数：3.00)A.B.C.D.E. V解析：解析根据题干关键词Beard和Becker定位原文，such as是举例关系，例子和概述句合为一句 话，对文中划线部分进行同义改写，可以得岀正确答案为E选项。5. From the 1900's through the

24、1950's waitresses in the United States developed a form of unionism based on the unions' defining the skills that their occupation included and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. UThis "occupational unionism" differed substantiallyfrom the "worksite union

25、ism" prevalent among factory. workers./U Ratherthan unionizing theworkforces of particular employers , waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city. Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided free placement services to employers who agreed

26、to hire their personnel only through the union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employment security, not individual job security a basicprotection offered by worksite unions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene with her employer but placed her elsewher

27、e; and when jobs were scarce, the work hours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than being assigned according to seniority.The author of the passage mentions "particular employers" primarily in order toA. suggest that occupational unions found some employers difficu

28、lt to satisfy.« B. indicate that the occupational unions served some employers but not others.« C. emphasize the unique focus of occupational unionism.« D. accentuate the hostility of some employers toward occupational unionism.« E. point out a weakness of worksite unionism.（分数:3

29、.00 ）A.B.C. VD.E.解析：解析根据题干的关键词回原文定位，关键词所在的句子是对前面句子的解释，对划线句进行同义 改写，可以得出正确答案为C选项，选项中的unique替换原文的differ 。6. Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones （1959） was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflic

30、t with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focusedher novel on an ordinary Black woman's search for identity within the context of a Black community. But UMarshall

31、extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine's development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents,/U and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influen

32、ced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970's.The author's description of the way in which Marshall depi

33、cts her heroine's development is most probably intended to:«A. continue the discussion of similarities in the works of Brooks,Hurston, and Marshall.* B. describe the specific racial and sexual stereotypes that Marshall attacked.«C. contrast the characters in Marshall's novels with

34、those in later works.* D. show how Marshall extends the portrayal of character initiated by her predecessors.* E. compare themes in Marshall's early work with themes in her later novels.（分数：3.00）A.B.C.D. VE.解析：解析根据题干的关键词回原文定位，对定位句进行同义词改写，可以得岀正确答案为D选项。7. The correlation between carbon dioxide and

35、 temperature throughout the Vostok record is consistent and predictable. The absolute temperature changes, however, are from 5 to 14 times greater than would be expected on the basis of carbon dioxide's own ability to absorb infrared radiation, or radiant heat. UThis reaction suggests that, quit

36、e aside from changes inheat-trapping gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases,certain positive feedbacks are alsoamplifying the temperature change./U Such feedbacks might involve ice on land and sea, clouds, or water vapor, which also absorb radiant heat.The author mentions "certain positive f

37、eedbacks" in order to indicate that* A. increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is responsiblefor global temperature increase.« B. some climate simulation models have produced useful information.«C. greenhouse gases alone do not account for global tempe

38、rature increase.* D. variables that benefit life are causing global temperature to increase.« E. beneficial substances that are not heat-trapping gases and that contribute to global temperature increase have been found in the Vostok ice core.（分数:3.00 ）A.B.C. VD.E.解析：解析根据题干的关键词回原文定位，对定位句进行同义词改写，

39、可以得岀正确答案为C选项。8sadora Duncan's masterly writings on the dance reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabulari

40、es of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movementsof her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion. In her recitals Duncan danced to t

41、he music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, amongothers, but, contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret Uthe music/U; rather, Ushe simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement./UShe did not regard this use of music as

42、ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense with music entirely. That day never came.The author implies that Duncan relied on music in her recitals in order to* A. interpret musical works solely by means of natural body movements.* B. foster the illusion that music serves as an inspira

43、tion for the dance.* C. inspire the expression of inner feeling when she danced.* D. validate the public belief that music inspires the expression of feeling through movement.* E. counter the public belief that she made no attempt to visualize music.（分数：3.00 ）A.B.C. VD.E.解析：解析根据题干关键词回原文定位，对定位句进行同义改写

44、，得岀正确答案为C选项，选项中的inspire 替换原文的 inspiration 。9. Cellsin the parvo system can distinguish between two colors at any relative brightnessof thetwo. Cells in the color-blind magno system, on the other hand, are analogous to a black-and-white photograph in the way they function: they signal. information ab

45、out the brightness of surfacesbut not about their colors. For any pair of colors there is a particular brightnessratioatwhichtwo colors, for example red and green, will appear as the same shade of gray inablack-and-whitephotograph, Uhence any border between them will vanish./U Similarly at some rela

46、tive red-to-green brightness level, the red and green will appear identical to the magno system. The red and green are then called equiluminant. A border between two equiluminant colors has color contrast but no luminance contrastThe author mentions a "black-and-white photograph" most prob

47、ably in order to explain« A. how the parvo system distinguishes between different shapes and colors.« B. how the magno system uses luminosity to identify borders between objects.* C. the mechanism that makes the magno system color-blind.« D. why the magno system is capable of perceivi

48、ng moving images.« E. the brightness ratio at which colors become indistinguishable to the parvo system.（分数:3.00 ）A.B. VC.D.E.解析：解析根据题干的关键词 black-and-white photograph回原文定位，定位词后面有 hence，因此正确答案在hence后寻找，对划线句进行同义改写可以得岀正确答案为B选项。10. Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in K

49、ing Arthur's Court, is a nineteenth-century master mechanic who mysteriously awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modem democracy. The novel, written as a spoof of Thomas Malory's Morted

50、' Arthur, a popularcollection of fifteenth-century legends about sixth-century Britain, has been made intothreeupbeat movies and two musical comedies. UNone of these/U translations to screen and stage, however, Udramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee,/U which ends with t

51、he violent overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. UThe American public, although enjoying Twain's humor,

52、 evidently rejected his cynicism/U about technological advancement and change through peaceful revolution as antithetical to the United States doctrine of progress. The author uses the examples of "three upbeat movies and two musical comedies" primarily in order to demonstrate that* A. wel

53、l-written novels like A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, regardless oftheir tone or theme, can be translated to the stage and screen.* B. the American public has traditionally been more interested in watching plays and movies than in reading novels like A Connecticut Yankee in King Art

54、hur's Court.* C. Twain's overall message in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is one thathad a profound impact on the American public.* D. Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court has been a more popular versionof the Arthurian legends than has Malory's M

55、orted' Arthur.« E. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court has been accepted as an enjoyable and humorous tale in versions that have omitted the anarchy at the novel's conclusion.（分数:3.00 ）A.B.C.D.E. V解析：解析根据题干的关键词回原文定位，定位词后面有chese，因此正确答案在these后寻找，对划线句进行同义改写可以得岀正确答案为E选项。11. Cell

56、s in the parvo system can distinguish between two colors at any relative brightness of the two. Cells in the color-blind magno system, Uon the other hand/U, are Uanalogous/U to a black-and-white photograph in the way they function: they signal information about the brightness of surfaces but not abo

57、ut their colors. For any pair of colors there is a particular brightness ratio at which two colors, for example red and green, will appear as the same shade of gray in a black-and-white photograph, hence any border between them will vanish. Similarly at some relative red-to-green brightness level, t

58、he red and green will appear identical to the magno system. The red and green are then called equiluminant. A border between two equiluminant colors has color contrast but no luminance contrast.The author uses all of the following in the discussion in the third paragraph EXCEPT:* A. an example.«

59、;B. definition of terms.«C. contrast.«D. a rhetorical question.* E. analogy.（分数：3.00 ）A.B.C.D. VE.解析：解析文中很明显没有提到问句， 因此正确答案为 D选项。文中的on the other hand对应C选项； 文中的 analogous 对应 E选项； 文中的 The red and green are then called equiluminant对应 B 选项；文中的 for example red and green 对应 A选项。12.Several things, however, suggest that the conventional view needs revising. UFor example,/U the genus Lingula has an unbroken fossil record extending