《环境工程导论》复习资料(1)

1、环境工程导论复习资料一、名词解释Environment: The surroundings of, and influences on, a particular item of interest.All the elements over which a designer has no control and that affect a system or its inputs and outputs.环境：围绕着某一事物(主体)并对该事物会产生某些影响的所有外界事物(客体)。environmental issues：Environmental issues are harmful effe

2、cts of human activitity on the biophysical environment. 环境问题：由于人类活动作用于周围环境所引起的环境质量变化，以及这种变化对人类的生产、生活和健康造成的影响。Pollution：The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. 环

3、境污染：人类直接或间接地向环境排放超过其自净能力的物质或能量，从而使环境的质量降低，对人类的生存与发展、生态系统和财产造成不利影响的现象。 water quality：chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water.It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.水与其中所含杂质共同表现出来的物理学、化

4、学和生物学的综合特性。 chemical oxygen demand: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water or wastewater. 在一定条件下，采用一定的强氧化剂处理水样时，所消耗的氧化剂量。biochemical

5、oxygen demand,:BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.在一定期间内，微生物分解一定体积水中的某些可被氧化物质，特别是有机物质所消耗的溶解氧的数量。以mg/L或ppm表示。water pollution：P

6、ollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.contamination of water bodies (e.g.lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate tre

7、atment to remove harmful compounds.排入水体的污染物在数量上超过了该物质在水体中的本底含量和自净能力即水体的环境容量，从而导致水体的物理特征、化学特征发生不良变化，破坏了水中固有的生态系统，破坏了水体的功能及其在人类生活和生产中的作用biologicalwastewatertreatment:This is a brief summary of the various techniques that have been developed&#

8、160;to treat wastewater by biological means.  They accomplish what is generally called secondary bic sewage treatment: Aerobic biological treatment is performed in the presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (pr

9、incipally bacteria) that metabolize the organic matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and inorganic end-products (principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). 好氧生物处理：在水中有游离氧(分子氧)存在的条件下，以好氧微生物为主的微生物使有机物降解的处理方法。air pollution: contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemi

10、cal, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of大气污染由于人类活动或自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中，呈现出足够的浓度，达到足够的时间，并因此危害了人体的舒适、健康和福利或环境污染的现象 particulate matter（颗粒污染物）: an air pollution term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. solid waste,: common ordinary ho

11、usehold and commercial waste, called refuse or municipal solid waste.固体废弃物是指人类在生产、消费、生活和其他活动中产生的固态、半固态废弃物质（国外的定义则更加广泛，动物活动产生的废弃物也属于此类），通俗地说，就是“垃圾”。主要包括固体颗粒、垃圾、炉渣、污泥、废弃的制品、破损器皿、残次品、动物尸体、变质食品、人畜粪便等。有些国家把废酸、废碱、废油、废有机溶剂等高浓度的液体也归为固体废弃物noise: which is defined as unwanted sound-unwanted by humans. which en

12、compasses roadway noise, aircraft noise,industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.二/三、填空/选择1.Basic physical quantity in environmental engineering在环境工程中的基本物理量In the SI system, there are seven fundamental units: kilogram, meter, second, kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.SI制的七个基本单位：质量kg，长度m，时间s，

13、热力学温度K，电流单位A，光强度单位cd（坎德拉），物质的量mol2.Relation between quantitative notation and related quantities of concentration浓度定量表示法及相关量之间的关系Mass concentration ()质量浓度：the mass of a constituent mi divided by the volume of the mixture V: Volume concentration()体积浓度：The volume of a constituent divided by the volume

14、 of all constituents of the mixture prior to mixing: Molar concentration (c)摩尔浓度：The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture : Number concentration (C)粒子数浓度：The number of entities of a constituent in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture : Characteristics of mass balanc

15、e equation at steady state. 在稳定状态下的质量平衡方程的特点Input + generation output consumption = accumulationNotes: 1. generation and consumption terms refer only to generation of products and consumption of reactants as a result of chemical reaction. If there is no chemical reaction then these terms are zero.2.

16、 Apply to a system3. Apply to total mass and component massChemical kinetics: （化学动力学）Kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical processes in an effort to understand what it is that influences these rates and to develop theories which can be used to predict them（动力学是一门研究利率的化学过程,以理解这些利率是什么影响和发展理论可

17、以用来预测）. -化学反应的方向和限度问题。若可能进行，多长时间能实现？微观上如何进行的？ -反应速率和机理问题。 reaction order, : Reaction order is always defined in terms of reactant (not product) concentrations.The order of a reactant is not related to the stoichiometric coefficient of the reactant in the balanced chemical equation.first-order reacti

18、on一级反应的特征：(1) 反应速率与浓度的一次方呈正比(2) 反应速率系数k的单位：s-1 或min-1 (3) ln ct 呈直线，斜率= k (4) 半衰期与起始浓度c0无关(5) 半衰期t1/2: 当cA=c0 /2时所需的时间 zero-order reaction, 零级反应：c与t 成直线关系 t1/2与c0成正比 second-order reaction, 二级反应特点 1 速率系数k单位: mol-1 · dm3 · s-1 2 1/c t作图为直线，斜率为k;半衰期t1/2与起始浓度呈反比。 Chmical reactor: 化学反应器：charact

19、eristics of ideal reactor models, including batch reactor, PFR and CSTR. 理想反应器模型的特性，包括间歇反应器CSTR，PFR。包括间歇反应器CSTR : Substrate is continuously fed to a reactor and immediately mixed with the entire reactor content. 基板连续送入反应堆立即混合反应堆整个内容No gradients of concentration with respect to location. 不随位置的浓度梯度Eff

20、luent concentration equal to the reactor concentration. 出水浓度等于反应器浓度PFR: Perfect mixing in the radial dimension (uniform cross section concentration) 完美的径向尺寸混合（截面浓度）No mixing in the acial direction, or no axial dispersion (segregated flow) 没有混合在轴线方向，或无轴向色散（分离流）Water quality: 水的质量： conventional water

21、quality index, including suspended solids(SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chmical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), TOC, et al. 常规水质指标，包括固体悬浮物（SS），溶解氧（DO），化学需氧量（COD），生化需氧量（BOD），TOC，et al.。Chinas water quality standard中国的水质标准Water pollution control: 水污染控制：Objectives for primary, secon

22、dary and tertiary sewage treatment. 目标为初级，二级和三级污水处理。processes in priliminary sewage treatment, clarifier, 在初步的污水处理工艺，澄清池，Typical processes for suspended growth system and attached growth system悬浮生长系统的典型流程和附着生长系统(附着生长系统) :trickling filters(滴滤池), biotowers(塔式生物滤池), and rotating biological contactors(生

23、物转盘), where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface.附着生长系统:微生物群体在处理设备内呈悬浮状态生长，并和污水接触使之净化的方法Air pollution control空气污染控制Methods for removal of particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants. 对颗粒物和气态空气污染物的去除方法。 颗粒物的去除方法Dust collector除尘器（除尘装置）Wet scrubbers湿式除尘器/洗涤式除尘器 Inertial

24、separators Fabric filters Wet scrubbers Electrostatic precipitators Unit collectorsChinas ambient air quality standard中国的环境空气质量标准 规定的控制项目包括化学性、物理性、生物性和放射性污染 规定了13种化学性污染的浓度限值。Solid waste management固体废物管理Category of solid waste. 固体废物的分类。分工业固体废物 生活垃圾 危险废物 .Principles for solid waste management固体废物管理的原则

25、 产生-收集-运输-利用-贮存-处理Noise control噪声控制Strategies for reduction of noise. 用于降低噪音的策略1噪声源的控制2声音传播途径上的控制3保护接受者Chinas noise-related standards中国的噪声相关标准四、计算题Application of mass balance equation at steady state.Caculation of biochemical oxygen demandTransformation from quantitative notation to related quantiti

26、es of concentrationfor air pollutants, vice versa. 1.静态平衡4.1一家腌制品加工企业产生含卤素废水。废水中NaCl浓度13,000 mg/L，排放量400L/min。受纳河流上游来水流量5×106 L/d，NaCl浓度20 mg/L。废水汇入点下游有一重要的垂钓场，其中鱼类对盐的耐受浓度上限为200 mg/L。A.排放废水中盐的浓度应为多少才能保证河流中的盐浓度低至200 mg/L？Solution 4.2污水处理厂初次污泥和二次污泥的固体浓度分别为4%和0.5%，流量分别为80 L/min和96 L/min，试求混合后污泥中的固

27、体浓度？混合污泥浓缩后的固含量为8%，假设浓缩池中污泥沉降充分，试求浓缩后的污泥量（L/min）和溢流水量？SolutionThe mass of water per liter is 1 kg, so that the concentrations of solids in primary sludge and secondary sludge are 40 g/L and 5 g/L, respectively.Thus, the concentrations of solids in mixed sludge is, the concentrations of solids after

28、compression is 8 g/L,Thus, 2.BOD的计算例题：9.1 BOD测试结果如下：DO浓度（培养前）8mg/L，DO浓度（培养后）0mg/L稀释倍数 1:10试求a. BOD5浓度？b. 最终的BOD浓度？Solution a. BOD5 =I-F BOD5=8-0=8 mg/L b.BOD=(8-0)10=80 mg/L3.大气从定量法对空气污染物浓度的相关物理量的转换，反之亦然12.11solutionSO2=(150*10-6/64)*24.44*10-3=5.7×10-8NO2 =(80*10-6/46) *24.44*10-3=4.3×10-

29、8五、问答题The arrangement and process of activated sludge system and fixed film system.activated sludge system：曝气池、二沉池、曝气系统、污泥回流及剩余污泥排放The remainder called surplus activated sludge or waste activated sludge is removed from the process and sent to sludge processing by digestion, either under anaerobic or

30、 aerobic conditions prior to disposal in order to maintain a relatively constant concentration of microorganisms in the system. 由初次沉淀池流出的废水和从二次沉淀池底部回流的活性污泥，同时进入曝气池，混合液在曝气的作用下，得到足够的溶解氧并使活性污泥和废水充分接触，废水中的可溶性有机污染物为活性污泥所吸附，并为存活在活性污泥上的微生物群体所分解，使废水得到净化。在二次沉淀池内，泥水分离。处理水排放，活性污泥在污泥区内进行浓缩，并以较高的浓度回流曝气池。由于活性污泥不断

31、地增长，部分污泥作为剩余污泥从系统中排出，也可以送往初次沉淀池，提高初沉效果。Fixed-film/attached growth systems(附着生长系统) trickling filters(滴滤池), biotowers(塔式生物滤池), and rotating biological contactors(生物转盘), where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface.微生物附着在惰性介质上生长形成生物膜，污水通过膜表面得到净化的方法。滴滤池：A trickling filter cons

32、ists of a fixed bed of rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag,polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.生物转盘：In the case of the RBC, the support med

33、ia are slowly rotating discs that are partially submerged in flowing wastewater in the reactor.Oxygen is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air when the film is out of the water and from the liquid when submerged, since oxygen is transferred to the wastewater by surface turbulence created by

34、the discs' rotation. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through a secondary clarifier where the sloughed biological solids in suspension settle

35、as a sludge.The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.六、论述题个人对当今一些主要大气环境和水环境问题的认识和看法。Air pollutionthe release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides pro

36、duced by industryand motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5. Ozone Layer DepletionOzone layer is a layer of gas that sits 25-30 km above earth's surface. It mainly contains contain ozone which is a naturally occurring molecule containing three oxygen atoms. This la