人教版英语选修8Unit 1

1、Unit 1 Words 1.distinctadj. 清晰清晰/楚的楚的;明显的明显的;截然不同的截然不同的 There is a distinct improvement in your study. be distinct from 与与不同的不同的 Those two suggestions are quite distinct from each other. distinctive 独特的；特别的独特的；特别的 She likes to wear clothes with distinctive styles. distinction 区别区别,对比对比; 杰出杰出,卓越卓越; 分

2、清分清,辨别辨别 2. means n. 手段；方法；工具；途径手段；方法；工具；途径 There is no doubt that television is an important means of communication. All possible means have been tried. Every possible means has been tried. * means 单复数同形。单复数同形。 means, way, method, manner区别区别 means 方法、手段、工具，单复数同形，多与介词方法、手段、工具，单复数同形，多与介词by 搭搭配。配。 He

3、caught up with the other classmates by means of hard work. way方法，普通用语。可用于任何处理方法，普通用语。可用于任何处理 事物的方式。多与事物的方式。多与介词介词in搭配。搭配。 Only in this way can we learn English well. manner 单数形式单数形式: 方法方法,样式；举止样式；举止,态度；较态度；较way庄重庄重,多与介词多与介词in搭配。搭配。复数复数: 意为礼貌，礼仪；规矩意为礼貌，礼仪；规矩,习俗。习俗。 She answered my questions in a cool

4、 manner method 方法，理论，指合乎逻辑或系统的方法。多与介方法，理论，指合乎逻辑或系统的方法。多与介词词with 搭配搭配 The teacher is trying teaching language points with a new method. 3. the /a majority (of) 大多数、大部分大多数、大部分 n. 大多数大多数 _ adj. _ _ majority反义反义反义反义minorityminormajorThe / A majority speak（s) English.The /A majority were / was in favour

5、of the policy. The majority of students are hard-working. The majority of the damage is easy to repair.单独做主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数，单独做主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数， 强调个体时，谓语动词用复数强调个体时，谓语动词用复数 。占多数、过半数占多数、过半数 be in (the /a) majoritythe majority of + n. 后可加可数名词复数后可加可数名词复数,也可加也可加不可数名词，谓语动词由后面的名词决定。不可数名词，谓语动词由后面的名词决定。4. e

6、lect Vi. 选择，决定做某事；选择，决定做某事；Vt. 选举，推选选举，推选 1). elect to do = choose/decide to do选择，决定做某事选择，决定做某事 现在越来越多的人选择在家工作。现在越来越多的人选择在家工作。 Nowadays more and more people elect to work at home. 2). elect sb. (to be/as) 选举选举/推选某人为推选某人为 美国人民每隔美国人民每隔4年选一次总统。年选一次总统。奥巴马当选为美国第奥巴马当选为美国第44任总任总统。统。 Americans elect a Presi

7、dent every four years and Obamawas elected as the 44th president of America. * adj. 候任的，当选而尚未就职的（用于名词后）候任的，当选而尚未就职的（用于名词后） the president elect 候任总统候任总统5.keep up 坚持；维持；保持；沿袭（风俗、传统等坚持；维持；保持；沿袭（风俗、传统等）我认为你应该鼓足勇气。我认为你应该鼓足勇气。We asked her to stop talking, but she kept up.我们请她别再说话了，但她依旧说下去。我们请她别再说话了，但她依旧说下

8、去。I think you should keep up your courage.我认为你应该鼓足勇气。我认为你应该鼓足勇气。 keep 的相关短语的相关短语 阻止阻止/妨碍妨碍做某事做某事 keep . from 跟上跟上 keep up with (与与)保持联系保持联系 keep in touch (with) 使离开使离开, 避免接近，远离避免接近，远离keep away (from) 6. occur v.发生，出现 sth. occurs to sb. A good idea occurred to him when he was asked to solve the probl

9、em. 当被叫到解决这个问题的时候，他突然想到一个好主意。 It occurs to sb. to do sth. 某人想起做某事 It occurred to her that she should adopt the homeless child. 她突然想到她应该收养这个无家可归的孩子。 7. team up with 与与合作或一起工作合作或一起工作You can team up with your deskmate to finish the task.If you want to travelling, youd better team up with a group.这两个公司合

10、作研发了一种新药。这两个公司合作研发了一种新药。The two companies teamed up to develop a new medicine.8. hire 雇佣，租用雇佣，租用Hiring a car is paid by the hour.I hired a private detective to look into it.hire out 出租出租 hire oneself out (as)受雇（当受雇（当)He hired himself out as a bodyguard in a company.rent 租借（让）土地、房屋、动产等。租借（让）土地、房屋、动产等

11、。DO you own or rent the video?录像带是你自己的还是租的？录像带是你自己的还是租的？He will rent this land (out) to me at $ 1000 a year.他将把这块土地以每年他将把这块土地以每年1000美元的价格租给我。美元的价格租给我。9. Mark out 划线标出界限，设计，计划划线标出界限，设计，计划We marked out a tennis court.我们划出了一块网球场。我们划出了一块网球场。他被选定担任更高的职务。他被选定担任更高的职务。He was marked out for a higher position

12、.10. take in 包括、吸收、欺骗包括、吸收、欺骗1)The price _（包括）（包括） the cost of all the accommodation and food.2)The old lady was homeless, so I _（带回家）（带回家）.3)Women_ (经常上当）经常上当）by products for losing weight.takes in took her in are often taken in 11.a great many / a good many 许多、大量的许多、大量的 后接名词的复数，也可接后接名词的复数，也可接of +复

13、数名词或代词，复数名词或代词，作主语时，谓语用复数。作主语时，谓语用复数。 Ive read a great many books about the USA. A good many of them have been to college. Many a student has seen the film. There are a great many beautiful coats in the store and I dont know which to choose. 12.apply for申请; 请求, 接洽 be applied to适用于, 应用于, 施加于, 用来表示, 与

14、.接触 This rule cannot be applied to every case. apply oneself to doing 致力于, 集中精力做某事 apply sth. to把.施于.; 把.运用于. In this way they can better apply theory to practice. apply to do sth 申请做某事 He applied to stay there. 他申请留在那儿。 apply to doing适用于做某事; 运用于,后可接动名词形式。 These principles apply to learning foreign

15、languages. Unit 1 A land of diversityWarming up & readingHow much do you know about America?1. Which flag is American flag?A. B. C.2. Which city is the capital of the USA? New York Washington D.C A.Los Angeles A.B.C.D. 3. Which stands for the USA? National Emblems （国徽）（国徽）4. How many states are

16、there in the USA?A.B.C.D.474849505. Who is president of America?A.B.C.D.George George W. BushW. Bush George George H.W. BushH.W. Bush PutinPutin Bill Bill ClintonClinton A.B.C.D.6.Which doesnt belong to the USA?Statue ofLibertyGoldenBridgeWhiteHouseEiffelTower7.Which are American brands?ABCDEFGGerma

17、nyGermanyFinland8.Who are Americans?ABCDEkeanuReevesDavidBeckhamSteven SpeilbergRonaldinho BritainBrazilArnold Schwarzenegger a famous actor the governor of CaliforniaFast reading1.Whats the topic of this text? A. the culture of California B. the history of California C.the weather of California D.

18、the history of USA2.Which state in the USA has the largest Population?California (over 30 million people)RussiansLater Arrivals peopleThe SpanishMost Recent ArrivalsNative Americans3.How many kinds of people are mentioned in this text? Gold MinersNative Americans 1.Time: 15000 years ago 2.Where did

19、they come from: from Asian to Alaska 3.What happened in the sixteenth century? were killed by European were forced into slavery died from the disease survived the terrible timesNative AmericansThe SpainshFill in the form:(note down an important events)16th century 18th century in 1821 in 1846Spain s

20、oldiers arrived and took their landCalifornia was ruled by SpainCalifornia became part of MexicoMexico gave California to the United StatesInfluence: today over 40% of Californians speak Spainish as a first or second languageRussians & Gold MinersDo some T or F questions:1.In the early 1800s, Ru

21、ssian fur trappers began settling in California.2.In 1848, before the Amerian-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 3.A lot of adventures achieved their dream of becoming rich. 4.California become the thirty-first state of the United states of Amerian in 1850. afterafter few1860s1800sLate

22、1900sBy 1920sEarly 1900s1911Recent decades1970s Look at the pictures below. Each illustrates something about California. Discuss in groups what each picture means to you.A native American Indian was standing beside a camp .It seemed that he or she felt very happy. Maybe he or she had a good harvest.

23、Disscusion Native California IndiansvHe was a gold miner. He was panning gold. He looked not only thin and weak, but also thirsty and tired. It was difficult for them to achieve the dream of becoming rich.California gold miners around 1849A building in ChinatownMany Chinese have settled in Californi

24、a and many of them live in Chinatown in San Francisco. By 1990,the nations being immigrated from different parts of the world had made California into the most racially and ethnically diverse state in the country.Chinatowns in CaliforniaOther reference pictures about gold rush in California Why is C

25、alifornia in the 21st century such a multicultural community? Explain in your own words. Write three or four sentence.TASK1 The state of California is a multicultural community because European, African and Asian people have been immigrating to the state for the last 200 years.Before their arrival,

26、native American people had lived there for thousands of years. People from all over the world are still coming to settle in California because of its good climate and the lifestyle it offers. Imagine you are a Californian , and introduce California to tourists.TASK2Unit 1 Grammar The Noun Clauses名词性

27、从句名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句句 (Noun Clauses）。）。 名词从句的功能名词从句的功能相当于名词词组相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为可分别称为主语从句主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句表语从句(Predicative Clause) 和和同位语从句同位语从句(Appositive ClauseWho

28、 will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting. 主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句 主语从句主语从句一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。常用引导词：常用引导词：连接词连接词： that(无词义无词义) whetherThat he will come and

29、 help us is certain.Whether we stay or not makes no difference.连接代词连接代词: who(ever) whom what(ever) which(ever) whoseWho will go to the energy conference is not important.连接副词：连接副词：when where how why When and where the test will be given is not decided.1. 引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。 That the ear

30、th is round is true2. That-从句作主语通常用从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如：It is true that the earth is round.结构：结构：a. It + be +形容词形容词+ that-从句从句It is necessary that 有必要有必要It is important that重要的是重要的是It is obvious that 很明显很明显b. It + be + p.p.+ that-从句从句It is believed that人们相信人们相信It is known

31、 to all that从所周知从所周知It has been decided that已决定已决定c. It + be +名词名词+ that-从句从句It is common knowledge that 是常识是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是事实是d. It +不及物动词不及物动词+ that-分句分句It appears that似乎似乎It happens that碰巧碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起我突然想起2.表示表示“是否是否”意义时，一般用意义时，一般用whethe

32、r 而不用而不用 if引引导主语从句，导主语从句， Whether she will come or not is still a question3.有时可用形式主语有时可用形式主语it 代替主语从句：代替主语从句： e.g. It is still a question whether she will come or not . It has not been decided yet when they will start .4.无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。 e.g. When we will start has not been decid

33、ed yet. . 注意：注意： 以以what开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是复数名词，系动词用复数形式。复数名词，系动词用复数形式。What he wants to buy are three books and two pens. 1.It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. A. as B. which C. whether D. that2. _ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own wa

34、y. A. Anyone B. The one C. Whoever D. Who练一练！练一练！ 3.It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over. A. since B. what C.when D. whether练一练！练一练！ _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who _the sports meet will be held depends on

35、 the weather.A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 宾语从句宾语从句一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句连接词连接词： that(无词义无词义) whether ife.g. I dont know whether (if)you are willing to help me . 连接代词：连接代词：w

36、hat(ever) who(ever) whose which(ever) 等等连接副词：连接副词： when where how why等等特别提示特别提示1.由连接词由连接词that引导宾语从句时，引导宾语从句时，that在在句中不担任任何成分。句中不担任任何成分。Im glad that you have passed the exam .2. 有些词或词组如有些词或词组如hate, love,enjoy,dislike, feel like, appreciate, take(认为认为),rely on, dont mind等，习惯上后面跟等，习惯上后面跟it做形式做形式宾语，再接宾语

37、从句。宾语，再接宾语从句。I take it that you will agree with us.3.在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子平衡，用平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在作形式宾语，而将从句放在句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：make/find/see/hear/feel/think等等。I think it necessary that I take plenty of water every day.4. 某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，如如insist，order，request，

38、suggest等。等。I suggested that we (should) start before 5 o clock.5.必须用必须用whether 引导，引导， 不可用不可用if:1). 从句后有从句后有or not 时，不可用时，不可用if : I dont know whether he will come or not .2). 介词宾语通常用介词宾语通常用 whether 引导引导: It depends on whether he is coming or not . 3). 后接动词不定式时。后接动词不定式时。Can you tell me whether to go o

39、r to stay? 4).discuss 后面的宾语从句解释为是否用whetherImagine you are in this situation, and discuss whether you should do something at once.5)主语从句放在句首Whether we stay or not makes no difference.6）表语从句和同位语从句）表语从句和同位语从句The question is whether we can get thereon time .7)当当it做形式主语做形式主语whether / if 都可引导主语从句都可引导主语从句I

40、t hasnt been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.6. 用用who，whom, which(ever), whose,when,what(ever), where, why, how, whoever等关等关联词引导的联词引导的宾语从句宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用应注意句子语序要用陈述语序陈述语序。 Do you know how old he is?I want to know what he has told you. She always thinks of how she can w

41、ork well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。情的支持。7. think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will

42、do so. 我相信他不会这样做。我相信他不会这样做。如果主句主语为第一人称反意疑问句常与从如果主句主语为第一人称反意疑问句常与从句的主语和谓语保持一致；其他情况看主句的主语和谓语保持一致；其他情况看主句。例如：句。例如：I dont believe she has been to Australia, has she? 我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？I dont believe that he can translate this book, ? She thinks that her husband is the best one in the team, ？ca

43、n hedoesnt sheI doubt if / whether he will pass the exam. I dont doubt that we will win the match.Do you doubt that he did it on his own? doubt问题肯定句中用肯定句中用 if / whether否定句中用否定句中用 that 疑定句中用疑定句中用 that I doubt _he is telling the truth. We never doubt _ the plan will be carried out .Does he doubt _ you

44、 are from Austria?Im doubtful _ he will agree to this. if / whether that that if / whether宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不在以下三种情况下不能省略：能省略： （1）当）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个宾语时，第二个that不能省；不能省； （2）当）当that作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。不可省掉。 （3）用）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened a

45、nd that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 宾语从句He asked _ for a violin（MET1992） A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. wh

46、atever C. whichever D. whenever3. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. A .whichever B. however C .whatever D. whoever 4. The true value of life is not in _, but _.A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we giv

47、e D. how we get; that we give5. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _.A. how she is getting along B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along6. I dont doubt _ hell come. A. thatB. ifC. whatD. whether7. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports m

48、eeting this weekend or not. A. if B. where C. whether D. that表语从句表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句. 连接词连接词:that/whether/as if/as though/because连接代词：连接代词：who/whom/what/which/whose连接副词：连接副词：when/where/how/whyThe problem is that I am short of money. The question is how we can get there .It loo

49、ks as if it is going to rain.特别提醒特别提醒1. 主句的主语是主句的主语是advice,suggestion,order，request等名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。等名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。His suggestion is that we (should) go now.2.主句的主语是主句的主语是reason时，表语从句常用时，表语从句常用that；若表原因用若表原因用because，表结果用，表结果用why.The reason for his absence was that he was ill.He forgot it. That was w

50、hy he didnt call me.He didnt call me. That was because he forgot it.What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海（上海01年春季招生）年春季招生） A. when B. how C. whether D. why I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999

51、)A. why B. what C. when D. where 3. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that 4. Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there 5. The city is no longer _. A. what it is B. that it used to be C. which it was D. what it used to be6.The problem is_ he has enough time.A. if B. whether C./ D. that what与与that在引导名词性从句时的区别在引导名词性从句时的区别: what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分成分,如主语如主语,宾语宾语,表语等表语等.that在句子中只起连接作用在句子中只起连接作用,没有意义没有意义.(1) What you said yesterday is rig