初中英语语法

1、2021/8/61黄羊川职业技术中学黄羊川职业技术中学 谢富斌谢富斌2021/8/621英语中动词有两种语态：英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者。表示主语是谓语动词的执行者。被动语态被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。例如：表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。例如：A talk on science will be given in our school next Monday.下周一在我们学校将会有一场关于科学的演讲。下周一在我们学校将会有一场关于科学的演讲。2被动语态由被动语态由“助动词助动词be及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词”构成。构成。助动词有人称、数和时态

2、的变化，其变化规则与助动词有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为作为连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词，连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词，或或“动词介词动词介词”构成的及物动词短语。构成的及物动词短语。下面介绍动词各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构：下面介绍动词各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构：2021/8/63时时 态态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态1 一般现在时一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+过去分词过去分词2 一般过去时一般过去时didwas/were+过去分词过去分词3 一般将来时一般将来时will/be going to+动词原动词原形形w

3、ill/be going to+be+过去分词过去分词4 过去将来时过去将来时would+动词原形动词原形would+be+过去分词过去分词5 现在进行时现在进行时am/is/are+现在分词现在分词am/is/are+being+过去分词过去分词6 过去进行时过去进行时was/were+现在分词现在分词was/were+being+过去分词过去分词7 现在完成时现在完成时have/has+过去分词过去分词have/has+been+过去分词过去分词8 过去完成时过去完成时had+过去分词过去分词had+been+过去分词过去分词9 含情态动词含情态动词情态动词情态动词+动词原形动词原形情态动

4、词情态动词+be+过去分词过去分词2021/8/641、The Chinese food _ to be the healthiest in the world. A. considers B. is considering C. is considered D. has considered 2、John _，for he went swimming yesterday without permission. A. would punished B. had punished C. punished D. was punished3、- Have you moved into the new

5、 house ? - Not yet .Rooms _. A. are painting B. are painted C. are being painting D. are being painted 2021/8/654、Mr. Wu was in hospital . when we went to see him , he _on . A. operated B. was operated C. was operating D. was being operated 5、The new school _ when the new term begins. A. finishes B.

6、 will finish C. will be finished D. would finish6、The old scientist said that he _ to visit their country before long . A. invited B. had invited C. was inviting D. would be invited 2021/8/667、With the help of the Hope Project, more and more new schools _ in the poor area. A. built B. have built C.

7、have been built D. have been building8、He came out and told us that the work _.A. finished B. was finished C. had finished D. had been finished 9、The programmes _ easily if you use a short wave radio. A. can pick up B. pick up C. picked up D. can be picked up 2021/8/67在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况在被动语

8、态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况中：中：(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。不知道动作的执行者是谁。This watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。这块手表是在中国制造的。(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。More trees must be planted every year.每年都应该种更多的每年都应该种更多的树。树。(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者。需要强调或突出动作的承受者。Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人说汉语。世界

9、上越来越多的人说汉语。(强调汉语的使用广泛强调汉语的使用广泛)(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。句子的主语是动作的承受者。Many houses were washed away in the flood.许多房屋被洪许多房屋被洪水冲走了。水冲走了。2021/8/68 把主动语态改为被动语态可按把主动语态改为被动语态可按“ 、 、 ”来进行。即：来进行。即： 变变把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主动语态的主语改为被动语态的介词动语态的主语改为被动语态的介词by的宾语。的宾语。套套根据原句的时态套用相应时态。根据原句的时态套用相应时态。注意注意注意人称

10、的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。 例：例：Many people speak English. English by many people. He washed his shoes yesterday. His shoes by him yesterday.is spokenwere washed一变一变二套二套三注意三注意2021/8/69v把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。且变。且be动词和新主语保持一致。如上例动词和新主语保持一致。如上例 ，所，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，给的主动句子是一

11、般现在时，改为被动语态时，也要用一般现在时。也要用一般现在时。v如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词时作介词 by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主中的主语语he改为改为him。2021/8/6102021/8/611“双宾语双宾语”改被动语态，直接宾语改被动语态，直接宾语(物物)作主语，变被动语态后动词作主语，变被动语态后动词pass, bring, buy, show, send, give, cook等后要加介词等后要加介词.(这个介词是由与其搭配的这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定动词决定) ；把指；把指“人人”的间接

12、宾语变主语，则不用介词。的间接宾语变主语，则不用介词。.He gave me a book. 变直接宾语加变直接宾语加to .变间接宾语不加变间接宾语不加 I was given a book (by him). A book was given to me (by him).He showed me a ticket. I was shown a ticket (by him).A ticket was shown to me (by him).My father bought me a new bike. I was bought a new bike (by my father).A n

13、ew bike was bought for me (by my father).give, offer, pass, show, lend, send, bring, return, tell等等用介词用介词; buy, make(制作制作), mend, cook, sing, get等用等用.2021/8/612(5)(5)被动语态后动词形式的选择被动语态后动词形式的选择: :主动句中在感官动词主动句中在感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice等，及使等，及使役动词役动词let，make，have等后跟省略等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时的不定式，变为被动句时应加

14、上不定式符号应加上不定式符号to。He makes the girl stay at home.(变为被动语态变为被动语态)The girl is made to stay at home.Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(变为被动语态变为被动语态)They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday.2021/8/613主动语态被动语态使役动词make sb do sthsb be made to do sthhave sb do

15、sthsb be had to do sthlet sb do sthsb be let to do sth感观动词see sb do sthsb be seen to do sthwatch sb do sthsb be watched to do sthhear sb do sthsb be heard to do sthnotice sb do sthsb be noticed to do sthgo2021/8/6141.The boss makes the workers work 18 hours a day. The workers are made to work 18 hou

16、rs a day by the boss.2.I saw him enter the house. He was seen to enter the house by me.3.The teacher let them leave the classroom after class. They were let to leave the classroom by the teacher after class.4.We hear her sing in the room every day. She is heard to sing in the room every day.注意注意当使用当

17、使用see/hear/watch sb doing sthsee/hear/watch sb doing sth时，变为被动语态时，变为被动语态时，时，doingdoing保持不变。如：保持不变。如： I saw him going into the shop.(主动) He was seen going into the shop.(被动) 第第(5)部分部分巩固训练巩固训练2021/8/6152021/8/616.句型句型“主语主语+be+形容词形容词+to do”，“主语主语”是是“不定式不定式”的的“逻辑逻辑宾语宾语”，通常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。这类形容词，通常用不定式的主动

18、形式表示被动含义。这类形容词有：有：easy，difficult，heavy，hard，nice，dangerous, important，expensive，comfortable，impossible等。等。例如：例如：The picture is pleasant to look at The chair is comfortable to sit onThe work is impossible to finish. The question is hard to ask.The machine is easy to use. 注意：当不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，要根据需要补充相注意

19、：当不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，要根据需要补充相应的介词。应的介词。The pen is comfortable to write with. 2021/8/617.无被动语态的动词：无被动语态的动词：.特殊形式的被动：特殊形式的被动：get2021/8/6181. I feel very happy that I _ to be the host. Congratulations! (07 江西江西) A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen 2. Today Chinese _ by more and more people

20、 around the world. (07北京北京) A. was spoken B. is spoken C. spoke D. speak 2021/8/6193(课改实验区考生做课改实验区考生做) (07重庆重庆) Your hometown has changed a lot Yes. Take a look at these tall buildings. They _ last year A. build Bbuilt C. was built Dwere built (非课改实验区考生做非课改实验区考生做) 4. Why is the classroom so dirty? S

21、orry, sir. It _ yesterday We forgot to do it A. dont clean B. didnt clean C. werent cleaned D. wasnt cleaned2021/8/6205.The river smells terrible. People must _ dirty thing into it.(南京市中考题）南京市中考题） A be stopped to throw B be stopped from throwing C stop to throw D stop from throwing 6.This book _ oft

22、en _from the library.(北京市北京市中考题）中考题）A arent ， take away B taken， awayC isnt ， taken away D be，taken away7.He _ _ (tell) to return his books to the library yesterday. (黄冈市中考题）黄冈市中考题）was told2021/8/6218. Another man-made satellite was sent up into space by them last week (济南市中考题）济南市中考题） another man-ma

23、de satellite into space last week.变主动语态变主动语态9.People there planted many trees last year. Trees _ _ by people there last year. (青岛市中考题）青岛市中考题）10. They grow vegetables on the farm. The vegetables _ _on the farm（上（上海市中考题）海市中考题）TThey sent upwere planted are grown2021/8/62211.11. More and more foreigners

24、 speak Chinese in the world today. (08 重庆重庆) Chinese _ _ by more and more foreigners in the world now.12. Dangerous driving causes many accidents, (08 临临沂沂) Many accidents _ _ _ many dangerous driving.13.The twins ate up all the bananas on the plate. (08 西宁西宁) All the bananas _ _ up by the twins.14.

25、Teachers can use cartoons to give examples in lessons about AIDS. (08 济南济南)Cartoons _ _ _ to give examples in lessons about AIDS. is spoken is spoken are caused by are caused by were eaten were eaten can be used can be used 2021/8/62315.My uncle sent me a Christmas present last year. (06 重庆重庆)A Chri

26、stmas present _ _ _ me by my uncle last year.was sent towas sent to2021/8/6242021/8/6251. The children (allow) to take a trip to Hangzhou tomorrow.2. Two museums (set) up since two years ago.3. The doctor must (send) for at once.4. A reading contest (hold) in the reading room last week.5. The water

27、in the basin (脸盆) should (not use) to wash your face.6. At that moment I saw her _ (take) to the operating room (手术室).7. At the award-giving meeting (颁奖大会), they (give) the first prize.8. My watch doesnt work now. It (repair) in the shop.are / were allowed were set not be used taken were given is be

28、ing repaired be sent was held 2021/8/6269. These bottles shouldnt (throw) away. They can still (recycle) in some way.10. All kinds of vegetables (carry) to the cities by trucks every morning.11. After the building of the new house (finish), a celebration (hold).12. She doesnt want (ask) in class.13.

29、 French (not teach) in this school last term.14. I have thought of several roblems (discuss) at the meeting.15. The babies (take) good care of by a group of big girls.16. This book (write) by a famous writer about 50 years ago.17. Whether to go (not decide) yet.18. A goodsuggestion just (offer) by a

30、 young teacher. be thrown be recycled are carried was finished was held to be asked was not taught to be discussed are being / were taken was written hasnt been decided been offered has 2021/8/6271. We plant trees in spring every year. _ by us in spring every year.2. She posted the letter yesterday.

31、 _ by her yesterday.3. Mr Turner gave me a birthday present. _a birthday present by Mr Turner.4. He is drawing a picture. _ by him.5. You may hand in your homework tomorrow. _ by you tomorrow.6. She is going to write a letter. _ by her.Trees are plantedThe letter was postedI was givenA picture is be

32、ing drawnYour homework may be handed inA letter is going to be written2021/8/6287. I have given you the new book. _ to you.8. Her bag cannot be found by her. _ her bag.9. Do you often hear her sing Russian songs? _Russian songs by you?10. She doesnt let her son swim in the river. _ in the river by h

33、er.11. The bridge was being built by them at this time last year. _ the bridge at this time last year.12. Does she often sing the song? _ by her?The new book has been givenShe cannot findIs she often heard to singHer son isnt let to swimThey were buildingIs the song often sung2021/8/629 1. If city n

34、oises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinner A are not kept；will have to B are not kept；have C do not keep；will have to D do not keep；have to 2. The fifth generation computers, _and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed

35、3. - _ the sports meet might be put off - Yes，it all depends on the weather A Ive been told B Ive told C Im told D I told ACA三、单项选择2021/8/6304. I need one more stamp before my collection _. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a spee

36、d that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 6. The new bridge _ by the end of last month. A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed7. When part of a pencil is in a glass of water, it looks as if

37、 it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken DCBC2021/8/6318. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _. A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 9. That suit _ over 60 dollars. A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost 10. - Look! Everything here is unde